Dual Catalyst System for Producing High Density Polyethylenes With Long Chain Branching

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are ethylene-based polymers generally characterized by a melt index of less than 1 g/10 min, a density from 0.93 to 0.965 g/cm3, a CY-a parameter at 190° C. of less than 0.2, an average number of short chain branches per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater than that in a molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol, and an average number of long chain branches per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater than that in a molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol. The ethylene polymers can be used to fabricate pipes, blown films, and blow molded products, and the ethylene polymers can be produced with a dual catalyst system containing a single atom bridged or two carbon atom bridged metallocene compound with two indenyl groups or an indenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group, and a single atom bridged metallocene compound with a fluorenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group with an alkenyl substituent.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Polyolefins such as high density polyethylene (HDPE) homopolymer and copolymer and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) copolymer can be produced using various combinations of catalyst systems and polymerization processes. Ziegler-Natta and chromium-based catalyst systems can, for example, produce ethylene polymers having good extrusion processability, polymer melt strength in pipe and blow molding applications, and bubble stability in blown film applications, typically due to their broad molecular weight distribution (MWD). Metallocene based catalyst systems can, for example, produce ethylene polymers having excellent impact and toughness properties, but often at the expense of poor extrusion processability, melt strength, and bubble stability.

In some end-uses, such as pipe extrusion, blow molding, and blown film, it can be beneficial to have the properties of a metallocene-catalyzed medium density or high density copolymer, but with improved processability, shear thinning, melt strength, and bubble stability. Accordingly, it is to these ends that the present invention is generally directed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify required or essential features of the claimed subject matter. Nor is this summary intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

The present invention generally relates to ethylene polymers (e.g., ethylene/α-olefin copolymers) characterized by a melt index of less than or equal to about 1 g/10 min, a density in a range from about 0.93 to about 0.965 g/cm³, a CY-a parameter at 190° C. of less than or equal to about 0.2, an average number of short chain branches (SCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater (e.g., at least 25% greater, or at least 100% greater) than that in a molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol, and an average number of long chain branches (LCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater (e.g., at least 50% greater, or at least 200% greater) than that in a molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol. Beneficially, there are typically more SCB's present in the higher molecular weight portions of the ethylene polymer than in the lower molecular weight portions, and moreover, a significant amount of the LCB's are present in these higher molecular weight portions of the ethylene polymer, but not in the very high molecular weight fraction (often referred to as the high molecular weight tail of the molecular weight distribution). The ethylene polymers disclosed herein can be used to produce various articles of manufacture, such as films (e.g., blown films), sheets, pipes, geomembranes, and blow molded products.

Another aspect of this invention is directed to a dual catalyst system, and in this aspect, the dual catalyst system can comprise catalyst component I comprising a single atom bridged or two carbon atom bridged metallocene compound with two indenyl groups or an indenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group, catalyst component II comprising a single atom bridged metallocene compound with a fluorenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group with an alkenyl substituent, an activator, and optionally, a co-catalyst.

In yet another aspect, an olefin polymerization process is provided, and in this aspect, the process can comprising contacting any catalyst composition disclosed herein with an olefin monomer and an optional olefin comonomer in a polymerization reactor system under polymerization conditions to produce an olefin polymer. For instance, the olefin monomer can be ethylene, and the olefin comonomer can be 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, or a mixture thereof.

Both the foregoing summary and the following detailed description provide examples and are explanatory only. Accordingly, the foregoing summary and the following detailed description should not be considered to be restrictive. Further, features or variations may be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example, certain aspects and embodiments may be directed to various feature combinations and sub-combinations described in the detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 presents a dynamic rheology plot (viscosity versus shear rate) at 190° C. for the polymers of Examples 37-38, 41, 65, and 76.

FIG. 2 presents a plot of the molecular weight distributions of the polymers of Examples 37-38, 41, 65, and 76.

FIG. 3 presents a plot of the long chain branch distribution across the molecular weight distribution of the polymer of Example 41.

FIG. 4 presents a plot of the long chain branch distribution across the molecular weight distribution of the polymer of Example 60.

FIG. 5 presents a plot of the long chain branch distribution across the molecular weight distribution of the polymer of Example 61.

FIG. 6 presents a plot of the short chain branch distribution across the molecular weight distribution of the polymer of Example 41.

FIG. 7 presents a plot of the short chain branch distribution across the molecular weight distribution of the polymer of Example 60.

FIG. 8 presents a plot of the short chain branch distribution across the molecular weight distribution of the polymer of Example 61.

DEFINITIONS

To define more clearly the terms used herein, the following definitions are provided. Unless otherwise indicated, the following definitions are applicable to this disclosure. If a term is used in this disclosure but is not specifically defined herein, the definition from the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd Ed (1997), can be applied, as long as that definition does not conflict with any other disclosure or definition applied herein, or render indefinite or non-enabled any claim to which that definition is applied. To the extent that any definition or usage provided by any document incorporated herein by reference conflicts with the definition or usage provided herein, the definition or usage provided herein controls.

Herein, features of the subject matter are described such that, within particular aspects, a combination of different features can be envisioned. For each and every aspect and/or feature disclosed herein, all combinations that do not detrimentally affect the designs, compositions, processes, and/or methods described herein are contemplated with or without explicit description of the particular combination. Additionally, unless explicitly recited otherwise, any aspect and/or feature disclosed herein can be combined to describe inventive features consistent with the present disclosure.

While compositions and methods are described herein in terms of “comprising” various components or steps, the compositions and methods also can “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components or steps, unless stated otherwise. For example, a catalyst composition consistent with aspects of the present invention can comprise; alternatively, can consist essentially of, or alternatively, can consist of; catalyst component I, catalyst component II, an activator, and a co-catalyst.

The terms “a,” “an,” “the,” etc., are intended to include plural alternatives, e.g., at least one, unless otherwise specified. For instance, the disclosure of “an activator-support” or “a metallocene compound” is meant to encompass one, or mixtures or combinations of more than one, activator-support or metallocene compound, respectively, unless otherwise specified.

Generally, groups of elements are indicated using the numbering scheme indicated in the version of the periodic table of elements published in Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985. In some instances, a group of elements can be indicated using a common name assigned to the group; for example, alkali metals for Group 1 elements, alkaline earth metals for Group 2 elements, transition metals for Group 3-12 elements, and halogens or halides for Group 17 elements.

For any particular compound disclosed herein, the general structure or name presented is also intended to encompass all structural isomers, conformational isomers, and stereoisomers that can arise from a particular set of substituents, unless indicated otherwise. Thus, a general reference to a compound includes all structural isomers unless explicitly indicated otherwise; e.g., a general reference to pentane includes n-pentane, 2-methyl-butane, and 2,2-dimethylpropane, while a general reference to a butyl group includes an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an iso-butyl group, and a tert-butyl group. Additionally, the reference to a general structure or name encompasses all enantiomers, diastereomers, and other optical isomers whether in enantiomeric or racemic forms, as well as mixtures of stereoisomers, as the context permits or requires. For any particular formula or name that is presented, any general formula or name presented also encompasses all conformational isomers, regioisomers, and stereoisomers that can arise from a particular set of substituents.

The term “substituted” when used to describe a group, for example, when referring to a substituted analog of a particular group, is intended to describe any non-hydrogen moiety that formally replaces a hydrogen in that group, and is intended to be non-limiting. A group or groups can also be referred to herein as “unsubstituted” or by equivalent terms such as “non-substituted,” which refers to the original group in which a non-hydrogen moiety does not replace a hydrogen within that group. Unless otherwise specified, “substituted” is intended to be non-limiting and include inorganic substituents or organic substituents as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

The term “hydrocarbon” whenever used in this specification and claims refers to a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. Other identifiers can be utilized to indicate the presence of particular groups in the hydrocarbon (e.g., halogenated hydrocarbon indicates the presence of one or more halogen atoms replacing an equivalent number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon). The term “hydrocarbyl group” is used herein in accordance with the definition specified by IUPAC: a univalent group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon (that is, a group containing only carbon and hydrogen). Non-limiting examples of hydrocarbyl groups include alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, and aralkyl groups, amongst other groups.

The term “polymer” is used herein generically to include olefin homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers, and the like, as well as alloys and blends thereof. The term “polymer” also includes impact, block, graft, random, and alternating copolymers. A copolymer is derived from an olefin monomer and one olefin comonomer, while a terpolymer is derived from an olefin monomer and two olefin comonomers. Accordingly, “polymer” encompasses copolymers and terpolymers derived from any olefin monomer and comonomer(s) disclosed herein. Similarly, the scope of the term “polymerization” includes homopolymerization, copolymerization, and terpolymerization. Therefore, an ethylene polymer would include ethylene homopolymers, ethylene copolymers (e.g., ethylene/α-olefin copolymers), ethylene terpolymers, and the like, as well as blends or mixtures thereof. Thus, an ethylene polymer encompasses polymers often referred to in the art as LLDPE (linear low density polyethylene) and HDPE (high density polyethylene). As an example, an olefin copolymer, such as an ethylene copolymer, can be derived from ethylene and a comonomer, such as 1-butene, 1-hexene, or 1-octene. If the monomer and comonomer were ethylene and 1-hexene, respectively, the resulting polymer could be categorized an as ethylene/1-hexene copolymer. The term “polymer” also includes all possible geometrical configurations, unless stated otherwise, and such configurations can include isotactic, syndiotactic, and random symmetries. Moreover, unless stated otherwise, the term “polymer” also is meant to include all molecular weight polymers, and is inclusive of lower molecular weight polymers.

The term “co-catalyst” is used generally herein to refer to compounds such as aluminoxane compounds, organoboron or organoborate compounds, ionizing ionic compounds, organoaluminum compounds, organozinc compounds, organomagnesium compounds, organolithium compounds, and the like, that can constitute one component of a catalyst composition, when used, for example, in addition to an activator-support. The term “co-catalyst” is used regardless of the actual function of the compound or any chemical mechanism by which the compound may operate.

The terms “chemically-treated solid oxide,” “treated solid oxide compound,” and the like, are used herein to indicate a solid, inorganic oxide of relatively high porosity, which can exhibit Lewis acidic or Bronsted acidic behavior, and which has been treated with an electron-withdrawing component, typically an anion, and which is calcined. The electron-withdrawing component is typically an electron-withdrawing anion source compound. Thus, the chemically-treated solid oxide can comprise a calcined contact product of at least one solid oxide with at least one electron-withdrawing anion source compound. Typically, the chemically-treated solid oxide comprises at least one acidic solid oxide compound. The “activator-support” of the present invention can be a chemically-treated solid oxide. The terms “support” and “activator-support” are not used to imply these components are inert, and such components should not be construed as an inert component of the catalyst composition. The term “activator,” as used herein, refers generally to a substance that is capable of converting a metallocene component into a catalyst that can polymerize olefins, or converting a contact product of a metallocene component and a component that provides an activatable ligand (e.g., an alkyl, a hydride) to the metallocene, when the metallocene compound does not already comprise such a ligand, into a catalyst that can polymerize olefins. This term is used regardless of the actual activating mechanism. Illustrative activators include activator-supports, aluminoxanes, organoboron or organoborate compounds, ionizing ionic compounds, and the like. Aluminoxanes, organoboron or organoborate compounds, and ionizing ionic compounds generally are referred to as activators if used in a catalyst composition in which an activator-support is not present. If the catalyst composition contains an activator-support, then the aluminoxane, organoboron or organoborate, and ionizing ionic materials are typically referred to as co-catalysts.

The term “metallocene” as used herein describes compounds comprising at least one η³ to η⁵-cycloalkadienyl-type moiety, wherein η³ to η₅-cycloalkadienyl moieties include cyclopentadienyl ligands, indenyl ligands, fluorenyl ligands, and the like, including partially saturated or substituted derivatives or analogs of any of these. Possible substituents on these ligands can include H, therefore this invention comprises ligands such as tetrahydroindenyl, tetrahydrofluorenyl, octahydrofluorenyl, partially saturated indenyl, partially saturated fluorenyl, substituted partially saturated indenyl, substituted partially saturated fluorenyl, and the like. In some contexts, the metallocene is referred to simply as the “catalyst,” in much the same way the term “co-catalyst” is used herein to refer to, for example, an organoaluminum compound.

The terms “catalyst composition,” “catalyst mixture,” “catalyst system,” and the like, do not depend upon the actual product or composition resulting from the contact or reaction of the initial components of the disclosed or claimed catalyst composition/mixture/system, the nature of the active catalytic site, or the fate of the co-catalyst, catalyst component I, catalyst component II, or the activator (e.g., activator-support), after combining these components. Therefore, the terms “catalyst composition,” “catalyst mixture,” “catalyst system,” and the like, encompass the initial starting components of the composition, as well as whatever product(s) may result from contacting these initial starting components, and this is inclusive of both heterogeneous and homogenous catalyst systems or compositions. The terms “catalyst composition,” “catalyst mixture,” “catalyst system,” and the like, can be used interchangeably throughout this disclosure.

The term “contact product” is used herein to describe compositions wherein the components are contacted together in any order, in any manner, and for any length of time, unless otherwise specified. For example, the components can be contacted by blending or mixing. Further, contacting of any component can occur in the presence or absence of any other component of the compositions described herein. Combining additional materials or components can be done by any suitable method. Further, the term “contact product” includes mixtures, blends, solutions, slurries, reaction products, and the like, or combinations thereof. Although “contact product” can include reaction products, it is not required for the respective components to react with one another. Similarly, the term “contacting” is used herein to refer to materials which can be blended, mixed, slurried, dissolved, reacted, treated, or otherwise combined in some other manner.

Although any methods, devices, and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the typical methods, devices, and materials are herein described.

All publications and patents mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the constructs and methodologies that are described in the publications, which might be used in connection with the presently described invention.

Several types of ranges are disclosed in the present invention. When a range of any type is disclosed or claimed, the intent is to disclose or claim individually each possible number that such a range could reasonably encompass, including end points of the range as well as any sub-ranges and combinations of sub-ranges encompassed therein. For example, when a chemical moiety having a certain number of carbon atoms is disclosed or claimed, the intent is to disclose or claim individually every possible number that such a range could encompass, consistent with the disclosure herein. For example, the disclosure that a moiety is a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group, or in alternative language, a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, as used herein, refers to a moiety that can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 carbon atoms, as well as any range between these two numbers (for example, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbyl group), and also including any combination of ranges between these two numbers (for example, a C₂ to C₄ and a C₁₂ to C₁₆ hydrocarbyl group).

Similarly, another representative example follows for the ratio of Mw/Mn of an ethylene polymer consistent with aspects of this invention. By a disclosure that the ratio of Mw/Mn can be in a range from about 5 to about 15, the intent is to recite that the ratio of Mw/Mn can be any ratio in the range and, for example, can be equal to about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, or about 15. Additionally, the ratio of Mw/Mn can be within any range from about 5 to about 15 (for example, from about 6 to about 15), and this also includes any combination of ranges between about 5 and about 15 (for example, the Mw/Mn ratio can be in a range from about 6 to about 9, or from about 11 to about 14). Further, in all instances, where “about” a particular value is disclosed, then that value itself is disclosed. Thus, the disclosure that the ratio of Mw/Mn can be from about 5 to about 15 also discloses a ratio of Mw/Mn from 5 to 15 (for example, from 6 to 15), and this also includes any combination of ranges between 5 and 15 (for example, the Mw/Mn ratio can be in a range from 6 to 9, or from 11 to 14). Likewise, all other ranges disclosed herein should be interpreted in a manner similar to these examples.

The term “about” means that amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters, and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact, but can be approximate and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement errors, and the like, and other factors known to those of skill in the art. In general, an amount, size, formulation, parameter or other quantity or characteristic is “about” or “approximate” whether or not expressly stated to be such. The term “about” also encompasses amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditions for a composition resulting from a particular initial mixture. Whether or not modified by the term “about,” the claims include equivalents to the quantities. The term “about” can mean within 10% of the reported numerical value, preferably within 5% of the reported numerical value.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed generally to medium and high density ethylene-based polymers having excellent strength and toughness properties, but with improved processability, shear thinning, melt strength, and bubble stability. Articles produced from these ethylene-based polymers can include pipes, blow molded products, and blown films.

Advantageously, the ethylene polymers disclosed herein can have more short chain branches (SCB's) present in the higher molecular weight portions (e.g., 400,000-600,000 g/mol range) of the ethylene polymer than in the lower molecular weight portions (e.g., 40,000-60,000 g/mol range). Moreover, in the same general high molecular weight range (400,000-600,000 g/mol), the ethylene polymer also can have more long chain branches (LCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms than in the very high molecular weight tail (e.g., 4,000,000-6,000,000 g/mol range). Thus, relatively high amounts of both short chain branching and long chain branching are concentrated in a particular high molecular weight portion of these ethylene polymers.

These ethylene polymers can be produced, for example, with a dual metallocene catalyst system in a single reactor. It was found that using a first metallocene catalyst that preferentially produces lower molecular weight polyethylene with relatively high LCB content in combination with a second metallocene catalyst that preferentially produces higher molecular weight polyethylene with relatively high comonomer incorporation can result in the unique combination of polymer properties described herein.

Ethylene Polymers

Generally, the polymers disclosed herein are ethylene-based polymers, or ethylene polymers, encompassing homopolymers of ethylene as well as copolymers, terpolymers, etc., of ethylene and at least one olefin comonomer. Comonomers that can be copolymerized with ethylene often can have from 3 to 20 carbon atoms in their molecular chain. For example, typical comonomers can include, but are not limited to, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, and the like, or combinations thereof. In an aspect, the olefin comonomer can comprise a C₃-C₁₈ olefin; alternatively, the olefin comonomer can comprise a C₃-C₁₀ olefin; alternatively, the olefin comonomer can comprise a C₄-C₁₀ olefin; alternatively, the olefin comonomer can comprise a C₃-C₁₀ α-olefin; alternatively, the olefin comonomer can comprise a C₄-C₁₀ α-olefin; alternatively, the olefin comonomer can comprise 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, or any combination thereof; or alternatively, the comonomer can comprise 1-hexene. Typically, the amount of the comonomer, based on the total weight of monomer (ethylene) and comonomer, can be in a range from about 0.01 to about 20 wt. %, from about 0.1 to about 10 wt. %, from about 0.5 to about 15 wt. %, from about 0.5 to about 8 wt. %, or from about 1 to about 15 wt. %.

In one aspect, the ethylene polymer of this invention can comprise an ethylene/α-olefin copolymer, while in another aspect, the ethylene polymer can comprise an ethylene homopolymer, and in yet another aspect, the ethylene polymer of this invention can comprise an ethylene/α-olefin copolymer and an ethylene homopolymer. For example, the ethylene polymer can comprise an ethylene/1-butene copolymer, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, an ethylene homopolymer, or any combination thereof, alternatively, an ethylene/1-butene copolymer, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, or any combination thereof, or alternatively, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer.

An illustrative and non-limiting example of an ethylene polymer (e.g., comprising an ethylene copolymer) of the present invention can have a melt index of less than or equal to about 1 g/10 min, a density in a range from about 0.93 to about 0.965 g/cm³, a CY-a parameter at 190° C. of less than or equal to about 0.2, an average number of short chain branches (SCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater than that in a molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol, and an average number of long chain branches (LCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater than that in a molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol. These illustrative and non-limiting examples of ethylene polymers consistent with the present invention also can have any of the polymer properties listed below and in any combination, unless indicated otherwise.

The densities of ethylene-based polymers disclosed herein often are greater than or equal to about 0.93 g/cm³, for example, greater than or equal to about 0.935 g/cm³, or greater than or equal to about 0.94 g/cm³. Yet, in particular aspects, the density can be in a range from about 0.93 to about 0.962 g/cm³, from about 0.93 to about 0.958 g/cm³, from about 0.935 to about 0.965 g/cm³, from about 0.94 to about 0.958 g/cm³, or from about 0.95 to about 0.96 g/cm³.

Ethylene polymers described herein often can have a melt index (MI) of less than or equal to about 1 g/10 min, less than or equal to about 0.7 g/10 min, or less than or equal to about 0.5 g/10 min. In further aspects, ethylene polymers described herein can have a melt index (MI) of less than or equal to about 0.35 g/10 min, less than or equal to about 0.25 g/10 min, in a range from about 0.05 to about 1 g/10 min, in a range from about 0.05 to about 0.5 g/10 min, in a range from about 0.02 to about 0.7 g/10 min, or in a range from about 0.02 to about 0.35 g/10 min.

While not being limited thereto, the ethylene polymer can have a high load melt index (HLMI) in a range from about 2 to about 50 g/10 min; alternatively, from about 3 to about 40 g/10 min; alternatively, from about 10 to about 45 g/10 min; or alternatively, from about 12 to about 35 g/10 min.

The ratio of high load melt index (HLMI) to melt index (MI), referred to as the ratio of HLMI/MI, is not particularly limited, but typically ranges from about 60 to about 400, from about 80 to about 400, from about 90 to about 300, from about 75 to about 250, or from about 100 to about 250. In this HLMI/MI ratio, the melt index is not equal to zero.

In an aspect, ethylene polymers described herein can have a ratio of Mw/Mn, or the polydispersity index, in a range from about 3.5 to about 18, from about 4 to about 18, from about 4 to about 16, from about 6 to about 16, from about 5 to about 15, or from about 5 to about 12. Additionally or alternatively, the ethylene polymer can have a ratio of Mz/Mw in a range from about 3.5 to about 10, from about 5 to about 10, from about 4 to about 9, from about 5 to about 9, from about 4 to about 8, or from about 5 to about 8.

In an aspect, ethylene polymers described herein can have a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) in a range from about 100,000 to about 400,000 g/mol, from about 100,000 to about 300,000 g/mol, from about 100,000 to about 200,000 g/mol, from about 150,000 to about 400,000 g/mol, or from about 150,000 to about 350,000 g/mol.

Additionally or alternatively, the ethylene polymer can have a number-average molecular weight (Mn) in a range from about 10,000 to about 100,000 g/mol, from about 10,000 to about 50,000 g/mol, from about 10,000 to about 40,000 g/mol, from about 10,000 to about 30,000 g/mol, from about 12,000 to about 40,000 g/mol, or from about 12,000 to about 28,000 g/mol. Additionally or alternatively, the ethylene polymer can have a z-average molecular weight (Mz) in a range from about 500,000 to about 2,500,000 g/mol, from about 600,000 to about 2,000,000 g/mol, from about 750,000 to about 2,500,000 g/mol, from about 750,000 to about 2,000,000 g/mol, from about 750,000 to about 1,750,000 g/mol, or from about 750,000 to about 1,500,000 g/mol.

While not limited thereto, ethylene polymers described herein can have a zero-shear viscosity at 190° C. in a range from about 1×10⁵ to about 1×10¹⁷ Pa-sec, from about 1×10⁶ to about 1×10¹⁶ Pa-sec, or from about 1×10⁷ to about 1×10¹³ Pa-sec.

Moreover, these ethylene polymers can have a CY-a parameter of less than or equal to about 0.2, such as from about 0.02 to about 0.2, from about 0.02 to about 0.18, from about 0.02 to about 0.10, from about 0.03 to about 0.2, from about 0.03 to about 0.15, from about 0.04 to about 0.16, or from about 0.04 to about 0.12. The zero-shear viscosity and the CY-a parameter are determined from viscosity data measured at 190° C. and using the Carreaa-Yasuda (CY) empirical model as described herein.

The average number of long chain branches (LCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the ethylene polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol is greater (by any amount disclosed herein, e.g., at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100%, at least 200%, or at least 400%, and often up to 1000-1500%, or more) than the average number of LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms in a molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol. In some aspects, the average number of long chain branches (LCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the ethylene polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol can be at least 50% greater (or at least 75% greater, or at least 100% greater, or at least 200% greater, or at least 400% greater, or at least 500% greater, and often up to 1000-1500% greater) than that in a molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol. All average numbers of LCB's disclosed herein are number-average numbers.

The average number of long chain branches (LCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the ethylene polymer in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol is not particularly limited, but often falls within a range from about 0.015 to about 0.085; alternatively, from about 0.02 to about 0.07; alternatively, from about 0.03 to about 0.07; alternatively, from about 0.02 to about 0.06; or alternatively, from about 0.03 to about 0.06.

In the overall polymer (using the Janzen-Colby model), the ethylene polymers typically have levels of long chain branches (LCB's) in a range from about 0.01 to about 0.08 LCB's, from about 0.01 to about 0.06 LCB's, from about 0.02 to about 0.06 LCB's, from about 0.02 to about 0.05, or from about 0.025 to about 0.045 LCB's, per 1000 total carbon atoms.

Moreover, the ethylene polymers typically have a reverse short chain branching distribution (SCB content increases with molecular weight). This SCBD feature is quantified herein by the average number of short chain branches (SCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the ethylene polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater than that in a molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol. In some aspects, the average number of short chain branches (SCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the ethylene polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol is at least 25% greater (or at least 50% greater, or at least 75% greater, or at least 100% greater, or at least 125% greater, or at least 150% greater, and often up to 250-500% greater) than that in a molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol. All average numbers of SCB's disclosed herein are number-average numbers.

A reverse SCBD can be further characterized by the number of short chain branches (SCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the ethylene polymer at the weight-average molecular weight (M_(w)) that is greater than at the number-average molecular weight (M_(n)), and/or the number of SCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms of the ethylene polymer at the z-average molecular weight (M_(z)) that is greater than at M_(w), and/or the number of SCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms of the ethylene polymer at M_(z) that is greater than at M_(n).

In an aspect, the ethylene polymer described herein can be a reactor product (e.g., a single reactor product), for example, not a post-reactor blend of two polymers, for instance, having different molecular weight characteristics. As one of skill in the art would readily recognize, physical blends of two different polymer resins can be made, but this necessitates additional processing and complexity not required for a reactor product.

Articles and Products

Articles of manufacture can be formed from, and/or can comprise, the olefin polymers (e.g., ethylene polymers) of this invention and, accordingly, are encompassed herein. For example, articles which can comprise the polymers of this invention can include, but are not limited to, an agricultural film, an automobile part, a bottle, a container for chemicals, a drum, a fiber or fabric, a food packaging film or container, a food service article, a fuel tank, a geomembrane, a household container, a liner, a molded product, a medical device or material, an outdoor storage product, outdoor play equipment, a pipe, a sheet or tape, a toy, or a traffic barrier, and the like. Various processes can be employed to form these articles. Non-limiting examples of these processes include injection molding, blow molding, rotational molding, film extrusion, sheet extrusion, profile extrusion, thermoforming, and the like. Additionally, additives and modifiers often are added to these polymers in order to provide beneficial polymer processing or end-use product attributes. Such processes and materials are described in Modern Plastics Encyclopedia, Mid-November 1995 Issue, Vol. 72, No. 12; and Film Extrusion Manual—Process, Materials, Properties, TAPPI Press, 1992; the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In some aspects of this invention, an article of manufacture can comprise any of olefin polymers (or ethylene polymers) described herein, and the article of manufacture can be or can comprise a blown film, a pipe, or a blow molded product.

Also contemplated herein is a method for forming or preparing an article of manufacture comprising any polymer disclosed herein. For instance, a method can comprise (i) contacting a catalyst composition with an olefin monomer (e.g., ethylene) and an optional olefin comonomer under polymerization conditions in a polymerization reactor system to produce an olefin polymer (e.g., an ethylene polymer), wherein the catalyst composition can comprise catalyst component I, catalyst component II, an activator (e.g., an activator-support comprising a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion), and an optional co-catalyst (e.g., an organoaluminum compound); and (ii) forming an article of manufacture comprising the olefin polymer (or ethylene polymer). The forming step can comprise blending, melt processing, extruding, molding, or thermoforming, and the like, including combinations thereof.

Any suitable additive can be combined with the polymer in the melt processing step (extrusion step), such as antioxidants, acid scavengers, antiblock additives, slip additives, colorants, fillers, processing aids, UV inhibitors, and the like, as well as combinations thereof.

Catalyst Systems and Polymerization Processes

In accordance with aspects of the present invention, the olefin polymer (e.g., the ethylene polymer) can be produced using a dual catalyst system. In these aspects, catalyst component I can comprise any suitable single atom bridged or two carbon atom bridged metallocene compound with two indenyl groups or an indenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group, or any single atom bridged or two carbon atom bridged metallocene compound with two indenyl groups or an indenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group disclosed herein. Catalyst component II can comprise any suitable single atom bridged metallocene compound with a fluorenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group with an alkenyl substituent, or any single atom bridged metallocene compound with a fluorenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group with an alkenyl substituent disclosed herein. The catalyst system also can comprise any suitable activator or any activator disclosed herein, and optionally, any suitable co-catalyst or any co-catalyst disclosed herein.

Referring first to catalyst component II, which can comprise a single atom bridged metallocene compound with a fluorenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group with an alkenyl substituent. In one aspect, the fluorenyl group can be substituted, while in another aspect, the fluorenyl group can be unsubstituted. Additionally, the bridged metallocene compound of catalyst component II can contain zirconium, hafnium, or titanium. Further, the single atom bridge can be a single carbon atom or a single silicon atom, although not limited thereto. In some aspects, this bridging atom can have two substituents independently selected from H or any C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group disclosed herein (e.g., one substituent, or both substituents, can be a phenyl group). The alkenyl substituent on the cyclopentadienyl group can be any suitable alkenyl group, such as a C₃ to C₁₈ alkenyl group, or a C₃ to C₈ terminal alkenyl group.

Catalyst component II can comprise, in particular aspects of this invention, a bridged metallocene compound having formula (II):

Within formula (II), M, Cp, R^(X), R^(Y), E, and each X are independent elements of the bridged metallocene compound. Accordingly, the bridged metallocene compound having formula (II) can be described using any combination of M, Cp, R^(X), R^(Y), E, and X disclosed herein.

In accordance with aspects of this invention, the metal in formula (II), M, can be Ti, Zr, or Hf. In one aspect, for instance, M can be Zr or Hf, while in another aspect, M can be Ti; alternatively, M can be Zr; or alternatively, M can be Hf Each X in formula (II) independently can be a monoanionic ligand. In some aspects, suitable monoanionic ligands can include, but are not limited to, H (hydride), BH₄, a halide, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarboxy group, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylaminyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group, —OBR₂, or —OSO₂R, wherein R is a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group. It is contemplated that each X can be either the same or a different monoanionic ligand. In addition to representative selections for each X that are disclosed herein, additional suitable hydrocarbyl groups, hydrocarboxy groups, hydrocarbylaminyl groups, hydrocarbylsilyl groups, and hydrocarbylaminylsilyl groups are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 9,758,600, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In one aspect, each X independently can be H, BH₄, a halide (e.g., F, Cl, Br, etc.), a C₁ to C₁ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₁ hydrocarboxy group, a C₁ to Ci hydrocarbylaminyl group, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylsilyl group, or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group. Alternatively, each X independently can be H, BH₄, a halide, OBR₂, or OSO₂R, wherein R¹ is a C₁ to C₁ hydrocarbyl group. In another aspect, each X independently can be H, BH₄, a halide, a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarboxy group, a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbylaminyl group, a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbylsilyl group, a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group, OBR₂, or OSO₂R¹, wherein R¹ is a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group. In another aspect, each X independently can be H, BH₄, a halide, a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarboxy group, a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbylaminyl group, a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbylsilyl group, a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group, OBR₂, or OSO₂R, wherein R¹ is a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group. In yet another aspect, each X independently can be H, BH₄, a halide, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarboxy group, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbylaminyl group, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbylsilyl group, a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group, OBR₂, or OSO₂R, wherein R¹ is a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbyl group. In still another aspect, each X independently can be a halide or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group. For example, each X can be Cl.

In one aspect, each X independently can be H, BH₄, a halide, or a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, hydrocarboxy group, hydrocarbylaminyl group, hydrocarbylsilyl group, or hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group, while in another aspect, each X independently can be H, BH₄, or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarboxy group, hydrocarbylaminyl group, hydrocarbylsilyl group, or hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group. In yet another aspect, each X independently can be a halide; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylaminyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylsilyl group; or alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group. In still another aspect, each X can be H; alternatively, F; alternatively, C₁; alternatively, Br; alternatively, I; alternatively, BH₄; alternatively, a Ci to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarboxy group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylaminyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylsilyl group; or alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group.

Each X independently can be, in some aspects, H, a halide, methyl, phenyl, benzyl, an alkoxy, an aryloxy, acetylacetonate, formate, acetate, stearate, oleate, benzoate, an alkylaminyl, a dialkylaminyl, a trihydrocarbylsilyl, or a hydrocarbylaminylsilyl; alternatively, H, a halide, methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; alternatively, an alkoxy, an aryloxy, or acetylacetonate; alternatively, an alkylaminyl or a dialkylaminyl; alternatively, a trihydrocarbylsilyl or hydrocarbylaminylsilyl; alternatively, H or a halide; alternatively, methyl, phenyl, benzyl, an alkoxy, an aryloxy, acetylacetonate, an alkylaminyl, or a dialkylaminyl; alternatively, H; alternatively, a halide; alternatively, methyl; alternatively, phenyl; alternatively, benzyl; alternatively, an alkoxy; alternatively, an aryloxy; alternatively, acetylacetonate; alternatively, an alkylaminyl; alternatively, a dialkylaminyl; alternatively, a trihydrocarbylsilyl; or alternatively, a hydrocarbylaminylsilyl. In these and other aspects, the alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylaminyl, dialkylaminyl, trihydrocarbylsilyl, and hydrocarbylaminylsilyl can be a Ci to C₃₆, a C₁ to C₁₈, a C₁ to C₁₂, or a C₁ to C₈ alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylaminyl, dialkylaminyl, trihydrocarbylsilyl, and hydrocarbylaminylsilyl.

Moreover, each X independently can be, in certain aspects, a halide or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, a halide or a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, F, Cl, Br, I, methyl, benzyl, or phenyl; alternatively, C₁, methyl, benzyl, or phenyl; alternatively, a C₁ to C₁₈ alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylaminyl, dialkylaminyl, trihydrocarbylsilyl, or hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group; alternatively, a C₁ to C₈ alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylaminyl, dialkylaminyl, trihydrocarbylsilyl, or hydrocarbylaminylsilyl group; or alternatively, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, phenyl, tolyl, benzyl, naphthyl, trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, or allyldimethylsilyl.

In formula (II), Cp can be a cyclopentadienyl group with an alkenyl substituent. In some aspects, Cp can contain no additional substituents, other than the alkenyl substituent. In other aspects, Cp can be further substituted with one substituent, two substituents, and so forth. If present, each additional substituent on Cp independently can be H, a halide, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ halogenated hydrocarbyl group, a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarboxy group, or a C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group. Importantly, each additional substituent on Cp can be either the same or a different substituent group. Moreover, each additional substituent can be at any position on the cyclopentadienyl ring structure that conforms with the rules of chemical valence. In general, any additional substituent on Cp, independently, can be H or any halide, C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, C₁ to C₃₆ halogenated hydrocarbyl group, C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarboxy group, or C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group described herein. In addition to representative substituents that are disclosed herein, additional suitable hydrocarbyl groups, halogenated hydrocarbyl groups, hydrocarboxy groups, and hydrocarbylsilyl groups are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 9,758,600, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In one aspect, for example, each additional substituent on Cp independently can be a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group or a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbylsilyl group. In another aspect, each additional substituent on Cp independently can be a C₁ to C₈ alkyl group or a C₃ to C₈ alkenyl group. In yet another aspect, each additional substituent on Cp independently can be H, C₁, CF₃, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a heptenyl group, an octenyl group, a nonenyl group, a decenyl group, a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a benzyl group, a naphthyl group, a trimethylsilyl group, a triisopropylsilyl group, a triphenylsilyl group, or an allyldimethylsilyl group.

Similarly, R^(X) and R^(Y) in formula (II) independently can be H or any halide, C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbyl group, C₁ to C₃₆ halogenated hydrocarbyl group, C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarboxy group, or C₁ to C₃₆ hydrocarbylsilyl group disclosed herein. In one aspect, for example, R^(X) and R independently can be H or a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group. In another aspect, R^(X) and R independently can be a C₁ to C₁₀ hydrocarbyl group or, alternatively, a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group. In yet another aspect, R^(X) and R independently can be H, C₁, CF₃, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group (e.g., t-Bu), a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a heptenyl group, an octenyl group, a nonenyl group, a decenyl group, a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a benzyl group, a naphthyl group, a trimethylsilyl group, a triisopropylsilyl group, a triphenylsilyl group, or an allyldimethylsilyl group, and the like. In still another aspect, R^(X) and R independently can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a heptenyl group, an octenyl group, a nonenyl group, a decenyl group, a phenyl group, a tolyl group, or a benzyl group.

Bridging group E in formula (II) can be a bridging group having the formula >E^(A)R^(A)R^(B), wherein E^(A) can be C, Si, or Ge, and R^(A) and R^(B) independently can be H or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group. In some aspects of this invention, R^(A) and R^(B) independently can be a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, R^(A) and R^(B) independently can be a Ci to C₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, R^(A) and RB independently can be a phenyl group, a C₁ to C₈ alkyl group, or a C₃ to C₈ alkenyl group; alternatively, R^(A) and RB independently can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a heptenyl group, an octenyl group, a nonenyl group, a decenyl group, a phenyl group, a cyclohexylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tolyl group, or a benzyl group; or alternatively, R^(A) and R^(B) independently can be a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a phenyl group, or a benzyl group. In these and other aspects, R^(A) and R^(B) can be either the same or different.

Illustrative and non-limiting examples of bridged metallocene compounds having formula (II) and/or suitable for use as catalyst component II can include the following compounds (Me=methyl, Ph=phenyl; t-Bu=tert-butyl):

and the like, as well as combinations thereof.

Catalyst component II is not limited solely to the bridged metallocene compounds such as described above. Other suitable bridged metallocene compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,026,494, 7,041,617, 7,226,886, 7,312,283, 7,517,939, and 7,619,047, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Catalyst component I can comprise, in particular aspects of this invention, a single atom bridged or two carbon atom bridged metallocene compound with two indenyl groups or an indenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group. Independently, the cyclopentadienyl group and the indenyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. Often, catalyst component I contains zirconium or titanium, and more often, catalyst component I can be a zirconium-based metallocene compound.

In one aspect, catalyst component I has two indenyl groups, such as two unsubstituted indenyl groups. If the metallocene compound is a single atom bridged metallocene compound, the bridging atom can be carbon or silicon. Similar to bridging group E in formula (II), the carbon or silicon bridging atom can have two substituents independently selected from H or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group, or from H or a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbyl group; alternatively, two substituents independently selected from a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group; or alternatively, two substituents independently selected from a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, a butenyl group, a pentenyl group, a hexenyl group, a heptenyl group, an octenyl group, a nonenyl group, a decenyl group, a phenyl group, a cyclohexylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tolyl group, or a benzyl group. The two substituents can be either the same or different.

If the metallocene compound is a two carbon atom bridged metallocene compound, the two carbon atom bridge can be substituted or unsubstituted. For instance, the bridging group can have the formula —CR^(C)R^(D)—CR^(E)R^(F)—, wherein R^(C), R^(D), R^(E), and R^(F) independently can be H or any C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group disclosed herein. For instance, R^(C), R^(D), R^(E), and R^(F) independently can be H or a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group, or alternatively, H or a methyl group.

In another aspect, catalyst component I has an indenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group. The indenyl group and the cyclopentadienyl group, independently, can be substituted or unsubstituted. In some aspects, at least one of the indenyl group and the cyclopentadienyl group is substituted, and the substituent (or substituents) can be any substituent disclosed hereinabove as a substituent for Cp in formula (II). Thus, each substituent, independently, can be a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbyl group or a C₁ to C₁₂ hydrocarbylsilyl group, or alternatively, a C₁ to C₈ alkyl group or a C₃ to C₈ alkenyl group.

As above, if a single carbon or silicon atom is the bridging atom between the indenyl group and the cyclopentadienyl group, the carbon or silicon bridging atom—similar to bridging group E in formula (II)—can have two substituents independently selected from H or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group, two substituents independently selected from H or a C₁ to C₈ hydrocarbyl group, or two substituents independently selected from a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group. The two substituents can be either the same or different.

Illustrative and non-limiting examples of metallocene compounds suitable for use as catalyst component I can include the following compounds:

and the like, as well as combinations thereof.

Catalyst component I is not limited solely to the bridged metallocene compounds such as described above. Other suitable metallocene compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,288,487 and 8,426,538, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

According to an aspect of this invention, the weight ratio of catalyst component I to catalyst component II in the catalyst composition can be in a range from about 10:1 to about 1:10, from about 8:1 to about 1:8, from about 5:1 to about 1:5, from about 4:1 to about 1:4, from about 3:1 to about 1:3; from about 2:1 to about 1:2, from about 1.5:1 to about 1:1.5, from about 1.25:1 to about 1:1.25, or from about 1.1:1 to about 1:1.1. In another aspect, catalyst component I is the major component of the catalyst composition, and in such aspects, the weight ratio of catalyst component I to catalyst component II in the catalyst composition can be in a range from about 10:1 to about 1:1, from about 8:1 to about 1.5:1, from about 5:1 to about 1.5:1, or from about 5:1 to about 2:1.

Additionally, the dual catalyst system contains an activator. For example, the catalyst system can contain an activator-support, an aluminoxane compound, an organoboron or organoborate compound, an ionizing ionic compound, and the like, or any combination thereof. The catalyst system can contain one or more than one activator.

In one aspect, the catalyst system can comprise an aluminoxane compound, an organoboron or organoborate compound, an ionizing ionic compound, and the like, or a combination thereof. Examples of such activators are disclosed in, for instance, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,242,099, 4,794,096, 4,808,561, 5,576,259, 5,807,938, 5,919,983, and 8,114,946, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

In another aspect, the catalyst system can comprise an aluminoxane compound. In yet another aspect, the catalyst system can comprise an organoboron or organoborate compound. In still another aspect, the catalyst system can comprise an ionizing ionic compound.

In other aspects, the catalyst system can comprise an activator-support, for example, an activator-support comprising a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion. Examples of such materials are disclosed in, for instance, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,294,599, 7,601,665, 7,884,163, 8,309,485, 8,623,973, and 9,023,959, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. For instance, the activator-support can comprise fluorided alumina, chlorided alumina, bromided alumina, sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, chlorided silica-alumina, bromided silica-alumina, sulfated silica-alumina, fluorided silica-zirconia, chlorided silica-zirconia, bromided silica-zirconia, sulfated silica-zirconia, fluorided silica-titania, fluorided-chlorided silica-coated alumina, fluorided silica-coated alumina, sulfated silica-coated alumina, or phosphated silica-coated alumina, and the like, as well as any combination thereof. In some aspects, the activator-support can comprise a fluorided solid oxide and/or a sulfated solid oxide.

Various processes can be used to form activator-supports useful in the present invention. Methods of contacting the solid oxide with the electron-withdrawing component, suitable electron withdrawing components and addition amounts, impregnation with metals or metal ions (e.g., zinc, nickel, vanadium, titanium, silver, copper, gallium, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, zirconium, and the like, or combinations thereof), and various calcining procedures and conditions are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,107,230, 6,165,929, 6,294,494, 6,300,271, 6,316,553, 6,355,594, 6,376,415, 6,388,017, 6,391,816, 6,395,666, 6,524,987, 6,548,441, 6,548,442, 6,576,583, 6,613,712, 6,632,894, 6,667,274, 6,750,302, 7,294,599, 7,601,665, 7,884,163, and 8,309,485, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Other suitable processes and procedures for preparing activator-supports (e.g., fluorided solid oxides, sulfated solid oxides, etc.) are well known to those of skill in the art.

The present invention can employ catalyst compositions containing catalyst component I, catalyst component II, an activator (one or more than one), and optionally, a co-catalyst. When present, the co-catalyst can include, but is not limited to, metal alkyl, or organometal, co-catalysts, with the metal encompassing boron, aluminum, zinc, and the like. Optionally, the catalyst systems provided herein can comprise a co-catalyst, or a combination of co-catalysts. For instance, alkyl boron, alkyl aluminum, and alkyl zinc compounds often can be used as co-catalysts in such catalyst systems. Representative boron compounds can include, but are not limited to, tri-n-butyl borane, tripropylborane, triethylborane, and the like, and this include combinations of two or more of these materials. While not being limited thereto, representative aluminum compounds (e.g., organoaluminum compounds) can include trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, tri-n-propylaluminum, tri-n-butylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum ethoxide, diethylaluminum chloride, and the like, as well as any combination thereof. Exemplary zinc compounds (e.g., organozinc compounds) that can be used as co-catalysts can include, but are not limited to, dimethylzinc, diethylzinc, dipropylzinc, dibutylzinc, dineopentylzinc, di(trimethylsilyl)zinc, di(triethylsilyl)zinc, di(triisoproplysilyl)zinc, di(triphenylsilyl)zinc, di(allyldimethylsilyl)zinc, di(trimethylsilylmethyl)zinc, and the like, or combinations thereof. Accordingly, in an aspect of this invention, the dual catalyst composition can comprise catalyst component I, catalyst component II, an activator-support, and an organoaluminum compound (and/or an organozinc compound).

In another aspect of the present invention, a catalyst composition is provided which comprises catalyst component I, catalyst component II, an activator-support, and an organoaluminum compound, wherein this catalyst composition is substantially free of aluminoxanes, organoboron or organoborate compounds, ionizing ionic compounds, and/or other similar materials; alternatively, substantially free of aluminoxanes; alternatively, substantially free or organoboron or organoborate compounds; or alternatively, substantially free of ionizing ionic compounds. In these aspects, the catalyst composition has catalyst activity, discussed herein, in the absence of these additional materials. For example, a catalyst composition of the present invention can consist essentially of catalyst component I, catalyst component II, an activator-support, and an organoaluminum compound, wherein no other materials are present in the catalyst composition which would increase/decrease the activity of the catalyst composition by more than about 10% from the catalyst activity of the catalyst composition in the absence of said materials.

Catalyst compositions of the present invention generally have a catalyst activity greater than about 250 grams of ethylene polymer (homopolymer and/or copolymer, as the context requires) per gram of activator-support per hour (abbreviated g/g/hr). In another aspect, the catalyst activity can be greater than about 350, greater than about 450, or greater than about 550 g/g/hr. Yet, in another aspect, the catalyst activity can be greater than about 700 g/g/hr, greater than about 1000 g/g/hr, or greater than about 2000 g/g/hr, and often as high as 3500-6000 g/g/hr. Illustrative and non-limiting ranges for the catalyst activity include from about 500 to about 5000, from about 750 to about 4000, or from about 1000 to about 3500 g/g/hr, and the like. These activities are measured under slurry polymerization conditions, with a triisobutylaluminum co-catalyst, using isobutane as the diluent, at a polymerization temperature of about 90° C. and a reactor pressure of about 400 psig. Moreover, in some aspects, the activator-support can comprise sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, or fluorided silica-coated alumina, although not limited thereto.

This invention further encompasses methods of making these catalyst compositions, such as, for example, contacting the respective catalyst components in any order or sequence. In one aspect, for example, the catalyst composition can be produced by a process comprising contacting, in any order, catalyst component I, catalyst component II, and the activator, while in another aspect, the catalyst composition can be produced by a process comprising contacting, in any order, catalyst component I, catalyst component II, the activator, and the co-catalyst.

Olefin polymers (e.g., ethylene polymers) can be produced from the disclosed catalyst systems using any suitable olefin polymerization process using various types of polymerization reactors, polymerization reactor systems, and polymerization reaction conditions. One such olefin polymerization process for polymerizing olefins in the presence of a catalyst composition of the present invention can comprise contacting the catalyst composition with an olefin monomer and optionally an olefin comonomer (one or more) in a polymerization reactor system under polymerization conditions to produce an olefin polymer, wherein the catalyst composition can comprise, as disclosed herein, catalyst component I, catalyst component II, an activator, and an optional co-catalyst. This invention also encompasses any olefin polymers (e.g., ethylene polymers) produced by any of the polymerization processes disclosed herein.

As used herein, a “polymerization reactor” includes any polymerization reactor capable of polymerizing (inclusive of oligomerizing) olefin monomers and comonomers (one or more than one comonomer) to produce homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers, and the like. The various types of polymerization reactors include those that can be referred to as a batch reactor, slurry reactor, gas-phase reactor, solution reactor, high pressure reactor, tubular reactor, autoclave reactor, and the like, or combinations thereof; or alternatively, the polymerization reactor system can comprise a slurry reactor, a gas-phase reactor, a solution reactor, or a combination thereof. The polymerization conditions for the various reactor types are well known to those of skill in the art. Gas phase reactors can comprise fluidized bed reactors or staged horizontal reactors. Slurry reactors can comprise vertical or horizontal loops. High pressure reactors can comprise autoclave or tubular reactors. Reactor types can include batch or continuous processes. Continuous processes can use intermittent or continuous product discharge. Polymerization reactor systems and processes also can include partial or full direct recycle of unreacted monomer, unreacted comonomer, and/or diluent.

A polymerization reactor system can comprise a single reactor or multiple reactors (2 reactors, more than 2 reactors, etc.) of the same or different type. For instance, the polymerization reactor system can comprise a slurry reactor, a gas-phase reactor, a solution reactor, or a combination of two or more of these reactors. Production of polymers in multiple reactors can include several stages in at least two separate polymerization reactors interconnected by a transfer device making it possible to transfer the polymers resulting from the first polymerization reactor into the second reactor. The desired polymerization conditions in one of the reactors can be different from the operating conditions of the other reactor(s). Alternatively, polymerization in multiple reactors can include the manual transfer of polymer from one reactor to subsequent reactors for continued polymerization. Multiple reactor systems can include any combination including, but not limited to, multiple loop reactors, multiple gas phase reactors, a combination of loop and gas phase reactors, multiple high pressure reactors, or a combination of high pressure with loop and/or gas phase reactors. The multiple reactors can be operated in series, in parallel, or both. Accordingly, the present invention encompasses polymerization reactor systems comprising a single reactor, comprising two reactors, and comprising more than two reactors. The polymerization reactor system can comprise a slurry reactor, a gas-phase reactor, a solution reactor, in certain aspects of this invention, as well as multi-reactor combinations thereof.

According to one aspect, the polymerization reactor system can comprise at least one loop slurry reactor comprising vertical or horizontal loops. Monomer, diluent, catalyst, and comonomer can be continuously fed to a loop reactor where polymerization occurs. Generally, continuous processes can comprise the continuous introduction of monomer/comonomer, a catalyst, and a diluent into a polymerization reactor and the continuous removal from this reactor of a suspension comprising polymer particles and the diluent. Reactor effluent can be flashed to remove the solid polymer from the liquids that comprise the diluent, monomer and/or comonomer. Various technologies can be used for this separation step including, but not limited to, flashing that can include any combination of heat addition and pressure reduction, separation by cyclonic action in either a cyclone or hydrocyclone, or separation by centrifugation.

A typical slurry polymerization process (also known as the particle form process) is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,248,179, 4,501,885, 5,565,175, 5,575,979, 6,239,235, 6,262,191, 6,833,415, and 8,822,608, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Suitable diluents used in slurry polymerization include, but are not limited to, the monomer being polymerized and hydrocarbons that are liquids under reaction conditions. Examples of suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, hydrocarbons such as propane, cyclohexane, isobutane, n-butane, n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane, and n-hexane. Some loop polymerization reactions can occur under bulk conditions where no diluent is used.

According to yet another aspect, the polymerization reactor system can comprise at least one gas phase reactor (e.g., a fluidized bed reactor). Such reactor systems can employ a continuous recycle stream containing one or more monomers continuously cycled through a fluidized bed in the presence of the catalyst under polymerization conditions. A recycle stream can be withdrawn from the fluidized bed and recycled back into the reactor. Simultaneously, polymer product can be withdrawn from the reactor and new or fresh monomer can be added to replace the polymerized monomer. Such gas phase reactors can comprise a process for multi-step gas-phase polymerization of olefins, in which olefins are polymerized in the gaseous phase in at least two independent gas-phase polymerization zones while feeding a catalyst-containing polymer formed in a first polymerization zone to a second polymerization zone. Representative gas phase reactors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,352,749, 4,588,790, 5,436,304, 7,531,606, and 7,598,327, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

According to still another aspect, the polymerization reactor system can comprise a high pressure polymerization reactor, e.g., can comprise a tubular reactor or an autoclave reactor. Tubular reactors can have several zones where fresh monomer, initiators, or catalysts are added. Monomer can be entrained in an inert gaseous stream and introduced at one zone of the reactor. Initiators, catalysts, and/or catalyst components can be entrained in a gaseous stream and introduced at another zone of the reactor. The gas streams can be intermixed for polymerization. Heat and pressure can be employed appropriately to obtain optimal polymerization reaction conditions.

According to yet another aspect, the polymerization reactor system can comprise a solution polymerization reactor wherein the monomer/comonomer are contacted with the catalyst composition by suitable stirring or other means. A carrier comprising an inert organic diluent or excess monomer can be employed. If desired, the monomer/comonomer can be brought in the vapor phase into contact with the catalytic reaction product, in the presence or absence of liquid material. The polymerization zone can be maintained at temperatures and pressures that will result in the formation of a solution of the polymer in a reaction medium. Agitation can be employed to obtain better temperature control and to maintain uniform polymerization mixtures throughout the polymerization zone. Adequate means are utilized for dissipating the exothermic heat of polymerization.

The polymerization reactor system can further comprise any combination of at least one raw material feed system, at least one feed system for catalyst or catalyst components, and/or at least one polymer recovery system. Suitable reactor systems can further comprise systems for feedstock purification, catalyst storage and preparation, extrusion, reactor cooling, polymer recovery, fractionation, recycle, storage, loadout, laboratory analysis, and process control. Depending upon the desired properties of the olefin polymer, hydrogen can be added to the polymerization reactor as needed (e.g., continuously, pulsed, etc.).

Polymerization conditions that can be controlled for efficiency and to provide desired polymer properties can include temperature, pressure, and the concentrations of various reactants. Polymerization temperature can affect catalyst productivity, polymer molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. Various polymerization conditions can be held substantially constant, for example, for the production of a particular grade of the olefin polymer (or ethylene polymer). A suitable polymerization temperature can be any temperature below the de-polymerization temperature according to the Gibbs Free energy equation. Typically, this includes from about 60° C. to about 280° C., for example, or from about 60° C. to about 120° C., depending upon the type of polymerization reactor(s). In some reactor systems, the polymerization temperature generally can be within a range from about 70° C. to about 100° C., or from about 75° C. to about 95° C.

Suitable pressures will also vary according to the reactor and polymerization type. The pressure for liquid phase polymerizations in a loop reactor is typically less than 1000 psig (6.9 MPa). Pressure for gas phase polymerization is usually at about 200 to 500 psig (1.4 MPa to 3.4 MPa). High pressure polymerization in tubular or autoclave reactors is generally run at about 20,000 to 75,000 psig (138 to 517 MPa). Polymerization reactors can also be operated in a supercritical region occurring at generally higher temperatures and pressures. Operation above the critical point of a pressure/temperature diagram (supercritical phase) can offer advantages to the polymerization reaction process.

Olefin monomers that can be employed with catalyst compositions and polymerization processes of this invention typically can include olefin compounds having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms per molecule and having at least one olefinic double bond, such as ethylene or propylene. In an aspect, the olefin monomer can comprise a C₂-C₂₀ olefin; alternatively, a C₂-C₂₀ alpha-olefin; alternatively, a C₂-C₁₀ olefin; alternatively, a C₂-C₁₀ alpha-olefin; alternatively, the olefin monomer can comprise ethylene; or alternatively, the olefin monomer can comprise propylene (e.g., to produce a polypropylene homopolymer or a propylene-based copolymer).

When a copolymer (or alternatively, a terpolymer) is desired, the olefin monomer and the olefin comonomer independently can comprise, for example, a C₂-C₂₀ alpha-olefin. In some aspects, the olefin monomer can comprise ethylene or propylene, which is copolymerized with at least one comonomer (e.g., a C₂-C₂₀ alpha-olefin, a C₃-C₂₀ alpha-olefin, etc.). According to one aspect of this invention, the olefin monomer used in the polymerization process can comprise ethylene. In this aspect, the comonomer can comprise a C₃-C₁₀ alpha-olefin; alternatively, the comonomer can comprise 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, styrene, or any combination thereof, alternatively, the comonomer can comprise 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, or any combination thereof, alternatively, the comonomer can comprise 1-butene; alternatively, the comonomer can comprise 1-hexene; or alternatively, the comonomer can comprise 1-octene.

EXAMPLES

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed in any way as imposing limitations to the scope of this invention. Various other aspects, embodiments, modifications, and equivalents thereof which, after reading the description herein, may suggest themselves to one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention or the scope of the appended claims.

Melt index (MI, g/10 min) was determined in accordance with ASTM D1238 at 190° C. with a 2,160 gram weight, and high load melt index (HLMI, g/10 min) was determined in accordance with ASTM D1238 at 190° C. with a 21,600 gram weight. Density was determined in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) on a compression molded sample, cooled at 15° C. per hour, and conditioned for 40 hours at room temperature in accordance with ASTM D1505 and ASTM D4703.

Molecular weights and molecular weight distributions were obtained using a PL-GPC 220 (Polymer Labs, an Agilent Company) system equipped with a IR4 detector (Polymer Char, Spain) and three Styragel HM_(w)-6E GPC columns (Waters, Mass.) running at 145° C. The flow rate of the mobile phase 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) containing 0.5 g/L 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) was set at 1 mL/min, and polymer solution concentrations were in the range of 1.0-1.5 mg/mL, depending on the molecular weight. Sample preparation was conducted at 150° C. for nominally 4 hr with occasional and gentle agitation, before the solutions were transferred to sample vials for injection. An injection volume of about 200 L was used. The integral calibration method was used to deduce molecular weights and molecular weight distributions using a Chevron Phillips Chemical Company's HDPE polyethylene resin, MARLEX©BHB5003, as the standard. The integral table of the standard was pre-determined in a separate experiment with SEC-MALS. M_(n) is the number-average molecular weight, Mw is the weight-average molecular weight, M_(z) is the z-average molecular weight, and Mp is the peak molecular weight (location, in molecular weight, of the highest point of the molecular weight distribution curve).

Melt rheological characterizations were performed as follows. Small-strain (less than 10%) oscillatory shear measurements were performed on an Anton Paar MCR rheometer using parallel-plate geometry. All rheological tests were performed at 190° C. The complex viscosity |η*| versus frequency (c) data were then curve fitted using the modified three parameter Carreau-Yasuda (CY) empirical model to obtain the zero shear viscosity—η₀, characteristic viscous relaxation time—τ_(η), and the breadth parameter—a (CY-a parameter). The simplified Carreau-Yasuda (CY) empirical model is as follows.

${{{\eta^{*}(\omega)}} = \frac{\eta_{0}}{\left\lbrack {1 + \left( {\tau_{\eta}\omega} \right)^{a}} \right\rbrack^{{({1 - n})}\text{/}a}}},$

wherein: |η*(ω)|=magnitude of complex shear viscosity;

-   -   η₀=zero shear viscosity;     -   τ_(n)=viscous relaxation time (Tau(η));     -   a=“breadth” parameter (CY-a parameter);     -   n=fixes the final power law slope, fixed at 2/11; and     -   ω=angular frequency of oscillatory shearing deformation.

Details of the significance and interpretation of the CY model and derived parameters can be found in: C. A. Hieber and H. H. Chiang, Rheol. Acra, 28, 321 (1989); C. A. Hieber and H. H. Chiang, Polym. Eng. Sci., 32, 931 (1992); and R. B. Bird, R. C. Armstrong and O. Hasseger, Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids, Volume 1, Fluid Mechanics, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons (1987); each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The long chain branches (LCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the overall polymer were calculated using the method of Janzen and Colby (J. Mol. Struct., 485/486, 569-584 (1999), incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), from values of zero shear viscosity, >o (determined from the Carreau-Yasuda model, described hereinabove), and measured values of Mw obtained using a Dawn EOS multiangle light scattering detector (Wyatt). Using the Janzen-Colby method, the polymer of Example 41 contained 0.032 LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms, and is representative of the other ethylene polymers produced in the examples. It is expected that the LCB for the inventive examples will fall in the ˜0.01-0.06 range (LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms).

LCB content and LCB distribution determination was following the method established by Yu, et al (Yu, DesLauriers, Rohlfing, Polymer, 2015, 46, 5165-5192, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). Briefly, in the SEC-MALS system, a DAWN EOS photometer (Wyatt Technology, Santa Barbara, Calif.) was attached to a Waters 150-CV plus GPC system (Milford, Mass.) or a PL-210 GPC system (Polymer Labs, now an Agilent company) through a hot-transfer line controlled at 145° C. Degassed mobile phase 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) containing 0.5 wt % of BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) was pumped through an inline filter before passing through a SEC column bank. Polymer solutions injected to the system were brought downstream to the columns by the mobile phase for fractionation. The fractionated polymers first eluted through the MALS photometer where light scattering signals were recorded before passing through the differential refractive index detector (DRI) or an IR4 detector (Polymer Characterization SA, Spain) where their concentrations were quantified.

The DAWN EOS system was calibrated with neat toluene at room temperature to convert the measured voltage to intensity of scattered light. During the calibration, toluene was filtered with a 0.02 um filter (Whatman) and directly passed through the flowcell of the EOS system. At room temperature, the Rayleigh ratio is given by 1.406×10⁻⁵ cm⁻¹. A narrow polystyrene (PS) standard (American Polymer Standards) with M_(w) of 30,000 g/mol at a concentration about 5-10 mg/mL in TCB was employed to normalize the system at 145° C. At the given chromatographic conditions, the radius of gyration (R_(g)) of the polystyrene (PS) was estimated to be 5.6 nm. The differential refractive index detector (DRI) was calibrated with a known quantity of PE standard. By averaging the total chromatographic areas of recorded chromatograms for at least five injections, the DRI constant (α_(RI)) was obtained using the equation below (equation 1):

$\begin{matrix} {\alpha_{RI} = {\left( \frac{dn}{dc} \right)c\text{/}I_{RI}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1} \end{matrix}$

where I_(RI) is the DRI detector intensity, c is the polymer concentration, and dn/dc is the refractive index increment of PE in TCB at the measuring temperature.

At a flow rate set at 0.7 mL/min, the mobile phase was eluted through three (3) 7.5 mm×300 mm 20 μm mixed A columns (Polymer Labs, now an Agilent company). PE solutions with nominal concentrations of 1.5 mg/mL were prepared at 150° C. for 4 h. At each chromatographic slice, both the absolute molecular weight (M) and the root mean square (RMS) radius, aka, radius of gyration, R_(g), were obtained from the Debye plots. The linear PE control employed was CPChem Marlex™ HiD9640, a high-density PE with broad M_(w) D. The refractive index increment dn/dc used in this study was 0.097 mL/g for PE dissolved in TCB at 135° C.

The Zimm-Stockmayer approach (Zimm, Stockmayer, J. Chem. Phys. 1949, 17, 1301, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) was employed to determine the amount of LCB in the polyethylene resins. In SEC-MALS, both M and R_(g) were measured simultaneously at each slice of a chromatogram. At the same molecular weight, R_(g) of a branched polymer is smaller than that of a linear polymer. The branching index (g_(M)) factor is defined as the ratio of the mean square radius of gyration of the branched polymer to that of the linear one at the same molecular weight using equation 2,

$\begin{matrix} {g_{M} \equiv \left( \frac{\left\langle R_{g}^{2} \right\rangle_{b}}{\left\langle R_{g}^{2} \right\rangle_{l}} \right)_{M}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2} \end{matrix}$

where the subscripts b and l represent the branched and linear polymer, respectively.

The weight-average LCB per molecule (B_(3w)) was calculated using Equation 3 using an in-house software,

$\begin{matrix} {g_{M} = {\frac{6}{B_{3w}}\left\{ {{\frac{1}{2}\left( \frac{2 + B_{3w}}{B_{3w}} \right)^{1\text{/}2}{\ln\left\lbrack \frac{\left( {2 + B_{3w}} \right)^{1\text{/}2} + \left( B_{3w} \right)^{1\text{/}2}}{\left( {2 + B_{3w}} \right)^{1\text{/}2} - \left( B_{3w} \right)^{1\text{/}2}} \right\rbrack}} - 1} \right\}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

LCB frequency (λM_(i), number of LCB per 1,000 total carbons) was calculated using equation 4 using the B_(3w) value obtained from equation 3,

λ_(M) _(i) =1,000×M ₀ ×B _(3w) /M _(i)  (4)

where M₀ is the unit molecular weight of polyethylene, M_(i) is the molecular weight of the i^(th) slice.

Since the presence of SCB in a polymer can affect its R_(g)-M_(w) relationship, the SCB effect was corrected before using equation 3 and 4 for LCB and LCB distribution calculation for PE copolymers. To correct the SCB effect on the branching index across the M_(w) D, two relationships are needed: one is the relationship between the branching-index correction factor (Δg_(M)) and the SCB content (x_(SCB)), and the other is the relationship between SCB content and molecular weight, both of which were determined experimentally. Mathematically, the product of these two relationships gives the branching index correction factor (Δg_(M)) as a function of M_(w), as shown in equation 5,

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{d\left( {\Delta\; g_{M}} \right)}{d(M)} = {\frac{d\left( x_{SCB} \right)}{d(M)} \times \frac{d\left( {\Delta\; g_{M}} \right)}{d\left( x_{SCB} \right)}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

where x_(SCB) is the SCB content (i.e., number of SCB per 1,000 total carbons) of the copolymer in question.

To establish the relationship between Δg_(M) and x_(SCB), PE standards that met the following criteria were used: the standards contain essentially no LCB and have flat SCB distribution and known SCB contents. At least five SCB standards were used for the SCB effect correction. The SCB content for these SCB standards ranged from 0 to 34 SCB/1,000 total carbon atoms.

Short chain branch content and short chain branching distribution (SCBD) across the molecular weight distribution were determined via an IR5-detected GPC system (IR5-GPC), wherein the GPC system was a PL220 GPC/SEC system (Polymer Labs, an Agilent company) equipped with three Styragel HM_(w)-6E columns (Waters, Mass.) for polymer separation. A thermoelectric-cooled IR5 MCT detector (IR5) (Polymer Char, Spain) was connected to the GPC columns via a hot-transfer line. Chromatographic data was obtained from two output ports of the IR5 detector. First, the analog signal goes from the analog output port to a digitizer before connecting to Computer “A” for molecular weight determinations via the Cirrus software (Polymer Labs, now an Agilent Company) and the integral calibration method using a HDPE Marlex™ BHB5003 resin (Chevron Phillips Chemical) as the molecular weight standard. The digital signals, on the other hand, go via a USB cable directly to Computer “B” where they are collected by a LabView data collection software provided by Polymer Char. Chromatographic conditions were set as follows: column oven temperature of 145° C.; flowrate of 1 mL/min; injection volume of 0.4 mL; and polymer concentration of about 2 mg/mL, depending on sample molecular weight. The temperatures for both the hot-transfer line and IR5 detector sample cell were set at 150° C., while the temperature of the electronics of the IR5 detector was set at 60° C. Short chain branching content was determined via an in-house method using the intensity ratio of CH₃ (I_(CH3)) to CH₂ (I_(CH2)) coupled with a calibration curve. The calibration curve was a plot of SCB content (x_(SCB)) as a function of the intensity ratio of I_(CH3)/ICH₂. To obtain a calibration curve, a group of polyethylene resins (no less than 5) of SCB level ranging from zero to ca. 32 SCB/1,000 total carbons (SCB Standards) were used. All these SCB Standards have known SCB levels and flat SCBD profiles pre-determined separately by NMR and the solvent-gradient fractionation coupled with NMR (SGF-NMR) methods. Using SCB calibration curves thus established, profiles of short chain branching distribution across the molecular weight distribution were obtained for resins fractionated by the IR5-GPC system under exactly the same chromatographic conditions as for these SCB standards. A relationship between the intensity ratio and the elution volume was converted into SCB distribution as a function of M_(w) D using a predetermined SCB calibration curve (i.e., intensity ratio of ICH₃/ICH₂ vs. SCB content) and M_(w) calibration curve (i.e., molecular weight vs. elution time) to convert the intensity ratio of ICH₃/ICH₂ and the elution time into SCB content and the molecular weight, respectively.

Fluorided silica-coated alumina activator-supports (FSCA) were prepared as follows. Bohemite was obtained from W.R. Grace & Company under the designation “Alumina A” and having a surface area of 300 m²/g, a pore volume of 1.3 mL/g, and an average particle size of 100 microns. The alumina was first calcined in dry air at about 600° C. for approximately 6 hours, cooled to ambient temperature, and then contacted with tetraethylorthosilicate in isopropanol to equal 25 wt. % SiO₂. After drying, the silica-coated alumina was calcined at 600° C. for 3 hours. Fluorided silica-coated alumina (7 wt. % F) was prepared by impregnating the calcined silica-coated alumina with an ammonium bifluoride solution in methanol, drying, and then calcining for 3 hours at 600° C. in dry air. Afterward, the fluorided silica-coated alumina (FSCA) was collected and stored under dry nitrogen, and was used without exposure to the atmosphere.

Examples 1-76

Comparative Example 76 was a commercially-available chromium-catalyzed HDPE resin from Chevron-Phillips Chemical Company LP, while Examples 1-75 were produced as follows. The polymerization experiments of Examples 1-75 were conducted for 30 min in a one-gallon (3.8-L) stainless-steel autoclave reactor containing two liters of isobutane as diluent, and hydrogen added from a 325-cc auxiliary vessel. Generally, solutions of the metallocene compounds were prepared by dissolving 20 mg of the respective catalyst component I and catalyst component II metallocenes in 20 mL of toluene. Under an isobutane purge, 1 mL of TIBA (25% in heptanes), approximately 100-400 mg of FSCA, and the metallocene solutions were charged to a cold reactor through a charge port. The reactor was closed, and 2 L of isobutane were added. The reactor was quickly heated to within 5 degrees of the run temperature and 1-hexene (if used), ethylene, and hydrogen (if used), were then introduced into the reactor. Ethylene was fed on demand to maintain the target pressure. The reactor was maintained at the desired temperature throughout the experiment by an automated heating-cooling system. After venting of the reactor, purging, and cooling, the resulting polymer product was dried at 60° C. under reduced pressure. The structures for the metallocene compounds used in Examples 1-75 are shown below (Ph=phenyl; t-Bu=tert-butyl):

Table I and Table II summarize certain polymerization conditions for Examples 1-66 and Examples 67-75, respectively. Likewise, Table III and Table IV summarize various properties of the polymers of Examples 1-66 and Examples 67-75 and Comparative Example 76, respectively. A representative rheology curve (viscosity versus shear rate at 190° C.) for some of the polymers shown in Tables III-IV is presented in FIG. 1, and a representative molecular weight distribution curve (amount of polymer versus the logarithm of molecular weight) for some of the polymers shown in Tables III-IV is presented in FIG. 2. FIG. 1 illustrates the dynamic rheology plot for the polymers of Examples 37-38, 41, 65, and 76, while FIG. 2 illustrates the molecular weight distributions for the polymers of Examples 37-38, 41, 65, and 76.

Representative molecular weight distribution and long chain branch distribution curves for some of the polymers shown in Tables III-IV are presented in FIGS. 3-5, and representative molecular weight distribution and short chain branch distribution curves for some of the polymers shown in Tables III-IV are presented in FIG. 6-8. FIG. 3 illustrates a plot of the molecular weight distribution and long chain branch distribution of the polymer of Example 41, while FIG. 4 illustrates a plot of the molecular weight distribution and long chain branch distribution of the polymer of Example 60, and FIG. 5 illustrates a plot of the molecular weight distribution and long chain branch distribution of the polymer of Example 61. FIG. 6 illustrates a plot of the molecular weight distribution and short chain branch distribution of the polymer of Example 41, while FIG. 7 illustrates a plot of the molecular weight distribution and short chain branch distribution of the polymer of Example 60, and FIG. 8 illustrates a plot of the molecular weight distribution and short chain branch distribution of the polymer of Example 61. From FIGS. 3-8, Table V summarizes the SCB content and the LCB content of the respective ethylene polymer in certain molecular weight ranges.

From these tables and figures, it is apparent that ethylene polymers (e.g., ethylene/1-hexene copolymers) having a wide range of polymer properties were produced, such as melt indices of less than 1 g/10 min (or less than 0.5 g/10 min), HLMI/MI ratios in the 10-45 range, densities in the 0.93-0.965 g/cm³ range (or in the 0.93-0.958 g/cm³ range), CY-a parameters of less than 0.2 (or in the 0.03-0.15 range), zero-shear viscosities at 190° C. in the 1×10⁶-1×10¹⁶ Pa-sec range, Mw/M_(n) ratios in the 3.5-18 range (or in the 6 to 16 range), M_(z)/Mw ratios in the 3.5-10 range (or in the 5-8 range), M_(n) values in the 10,000-60,000 g/mol range (or in the 10,000-40,000 g/mol range), Mw values in the 100,000-400,000 g/mol range (or in the 100,000-300,000 g/mol range), and M_(z) values in the 500,000-2,500,000 g/mol range (or in the 750,000-1,500,000 g/mol range). In sum, many of the polymers of Examples 1-75 have polymer properties that would result in processability, shear thinning, melt strength, and bubble stability comparable to or better than that of the chromium-based polymer of Example 76.

The increasing comonomer distribution of the inventive polymers of Examples 1-75 is illustrated by FIGS. 6-8, which show the molecular weight distributions and short chain branch distributions of the polymers of Example 41, Example 60, and Example 61, which are representative of the inventive polymers of Examples 1-75. In these figures, there are relatively more short chain branches (SCB's) at the higher molecular weights as compared to the lower molecular weights (assumes 2 methyl chain ends (CE) and the SCB's are per 1000 total carbon (TC) atoms of the polymer). In particular, the average number of SCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms of these polymers in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol was greater than that in the molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol. The opposite is true for the chromium-based polymer of Example 76: the average number of SCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol is less than that in the molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol (a decreasing comonomer distribution).

The number-average number of SCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms of the respective polymers in FIGS. 6-8 in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol and in the molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol can be calculated based on Equations 6 and 7, respectively, and are summarized in Table V.

$\begin{matrix} {\overset{\_}{x} = \frac{\sum\limits_{{MW} = {400\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}^{{MW} = {600\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}\;{{x_{i}\left( \frac{dw}{d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)}_{i}\left( {d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)_{i}}}{\sum\limits_{{MW} = {400\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}^{{MW} = {600\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}\;{\left( \frac{dw}{d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)_{i}\left( {d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)_{i}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 6} \\ {\overset{\_}{x} = \frac{\sum\limits_{{MW} = {400\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}^{{MW} = {600\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}\;{{x_{i}\left( \frac{dw}{d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)}_{i}\left( {d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)_{i}}}{\sum\limits_{{MW} = {40\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}^{{MW} = {60\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}\;{\left( \frac{dw}{d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)_{i}\left( {d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)_{i}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 7} \end{matrix}$

where x is the number-average SCB number in the respective molecular weight range and x_(i) is SCB at slice i.

As shown in Table V, the number-average number of SCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymers in FIGS. 6-8 in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol is ˜122-153% greater than that in the molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol.

The concentration of long chain branch content in the high molecular weight fraction (but not in the very high molecular weight tail) of the inventive polymers of Examples 1-75 is illustrated by FIGS. 3-5, which show the molecular weight distributions and long chain branch distributions of the polymers of Example 41, Example 60, and Example 61, which are representative of the inventive polymers of Examples 1-75. In these figures, the average number of LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymers in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol was greater than that in the molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol.

The number-average number of LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms of the respective polymers in FIGS. 3-5 in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol and in the molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol can be calculated based on Equations 8 and 9, respectively, and are summarized in Table V.

$\begin{matrix} {\overset{\_}{\lambda} = \frac{\sum\limits_{{MW} = {400\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}^{{MW} = {600\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}\;{{\lambda_{i}\left( \frac{dw}{d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)}_{i}\left( {d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)_{i}}}{\sum\limits_{{MW} = {400\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}^{{MW} = {600\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}\;{\left( \frac{dw}{d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)_{i}\left( {d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)_{i}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 8} \\ {\overset{\_}{\lambda} = \frac{\sum\limits_{{MW} = {4000\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}^{{MW} = {6000\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}\;{{\lambda_{i}\left( \frac{dw}{d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)}_{i}\left( {d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)_{i}}}{\sum\limits_{{MW} = {4000\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}^{{MW} = {6000\mspace{14mu}{kg}\text{/}{mol}}}\;{\left( \frac{dw}{d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)_{i}\left( {d\left( {{Log}\mspace{14mu} M} \right)} \right)_{i}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 9} \end{matrix}$

where λ is the number-average LCB number in the respective molecular weight range and i is LCB at slice i.

As shown in Table V, the number-average number of LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymers in FIGS. 3-5 in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol is at least 600% greater than that in the molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol. For the examples summarized in Table V, the number-average number of LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol was in the ˜0.03-0.06 range.

TABLE I Examples 1-66 - Polymerization Experiments. MET-2A MET-1A FSCA Pressure 1-Hexene H₂ Temperature Polymer Example (mg) (mg) (g) (psig) (g) (ppm) (° C.) (g) 1 0.1 1 0.190 403 5 — 90 241 2 0.2 1 0.188 403 5 — 90 159 3 0.3 1 0.176 403 5 — 90 223 4 0.4 1 0.200 403 5 — 90 145 5 0.5 1 0.192 403 5 — 90 142 6 0.5 1 0.185 403 10 — 90 257 7 0.5 1 0.187 403 5 — 95 258 8 1 0.3 0.123 403 5 — 95 140 9 1 0.3 0.109 403 10 — 95 100 10 1 0.5 0.120 403 5 — 95 135 11 1 0.5 0.128 403 10 — 95 156 12 0.5 0.5 0.119 403 5 — 95 120 13 0.5 0.5 0.113 403 10 — 95 87 14 1 0.3 0.117 403 5 — 95 201 15 1 0.3 0.114 403 10 — 95 219 16 0.6 0.3 0.102 403 5 — 95 136 17 0.6 0.3 0.115 403 10 — 95 210 18 1 0.5 0.226 403 5 50 90 200 19 1 0.5 0.222 403 10 50 90 87 20 1 1 0.198 403 5 50 90 175 21 1 1 0.200 403 10 50 90 176 22 1 0.5 0.226 403 5 50 90 190 23 0.5 1 0.190 403 5 50 90 132 24 0.5 1 0.200 403 10 50 90 135 25 1 1 0.208 403 2 50 90 253 26 1 1 0.231 403 4 50 90 279 27 1.5 1 0.208 403 2 50 90 242 28 1.5 1 0.194 403 3 — 90 225 29 1.5 1 0.216 403 5 — 90 225 30 0.5 1.2 0.214 403 5 — 90 153 31 0.5 1.2 0.195 403 5 150 90 145 32 0.5 1.2 0.191 403 5 250 90 101 33 0.2 1 0.203 402 10 110 90 235 34 0.2 1 0.202 402 5 110 90 187 35 0.2 1 0.201 402 10 — 90 366 36 0.2 1 0.202 402 5 — 90 139 37 0.2 1 0.202 402 5 55 90 180 38 0.2 1 0.201 374 5 55 85 200 39 0.2 1 0.199 402 3 — 90 189 40 0.1 1 0.202 402 3 — 90 167 41 0.2 1 0.100 402 3 110 90 77 42 0.1 1 0.204 402 3 110 90 180 43 0.1 1 0.201 402 5 — 90 177 44 0.1 1 0.198 402 1 — 90 204 45 0.1 1 0.203 402 2 — 90 203 46 0.1 1 0.176 402 4 — 90 176 47 0.1 1 0.184 374 5 — 85 185 48 0.1 1 0.149 374 3 — 85 149 49 0.1 1 0.164 374 2 — 85 164 50 0.1 1 0.409 374 2 — 85 409 51 0.4 1 0.202 340 40 55 85 67 52 0.4 1 0.201 340 20 110 85 46 53 0.4 1 0.204 402 20 55 90 95 54 0.4 1 0.203 374 20 55 85 172 55 0.4 1 0.202 402 40 — 90 178 56 0.4 1 0.201 430 30 — 95 138 57 0.4 1 0.304 374 20 — 85 125 58 0.4 1 0.300 374 40 — 85 87 59 0.4 1 0.300 374 10 — 85 123 60 0.4 1 0.204 374 10 55 85 129 61 0.4 1 0.202 374 20 55 85 101 62 0.4 1 0.204 345 10 55 80 102 63 0.4 1 0.205 345 20 55 80 157 64 0.3 1 0.204 374 10 55 85 177 65 0.3 1 0.204 345 10 55 80 37 66 0.3 1 0.203 345 20 55 80 94

TABLE II Examples 67-75 - Polymerization Experiments. MET-2A MET-1B FSCA Pressure 1-Hexene H₂ Temperature Polymer Example (mg) (mg) (g) (psig) (g) (ppm) (° C.) (g) 67 1.2 0.5 0.225 403 5 — 90 111 68 1.2 0.5 0.210 403 5 150 90 119 69 1.2 0.5 0.193 403 5 250 90 73 70 1.2 0.5 0.214 403 5 350 90 80 71 0.5 1 0.218 403 3 50 90 281 72 0.5 1 0.220 403 10 50 90 156 73 0.5 1 0.206 403 5 50 90 156 74 1 1 0.216 403 5 100 90 150 75 1 1 0.202 403 10 100 90 134

TABLE III Examples 1-66 - Polymer Properties. MI HLMI Density η₀ τ_(η) Example (g/10 min) (g/10 min) (g/cc) (Pa-sec) (sec) CY-a  1 0.05 7.7 0.950 8.21E+06 3.03E−02 0.074  2 0.01 6.5 0.946 2.33E+10 2.62E+01 0.046  3 0.03 8.6 0.946 1.30E+09 1.63E+01 0.059  4 — 5.2 0.949 2.96E+12 1.89E+04 0.041  5 — 3.0 0.948 1.99E+12 1.32E+05 0.046  6 — 3.0 0.940 1.48E+13 7.54E+05 0.042  7 0.08 9.4 0.946 7.16E+11 1.51E+04 0.044  8 0.03 6.8 0.940 3.11E+14 2.72E+07 0.038  9 — 2.9 0.934 3.90E+20 5.62E+16 0.036 10 0.01 3.9 0.940 3.96E+13 6.11E+07 0.048 11 0.05 12 0.936 7.00E+08 7.01E+02 0.078 12 0 0 0.938 2.05E+09 2.77E+04 0.114 13 0 2.7 0.933 1.40E+11 4.26E+06 0.086 14 0.10 2.7 0.934 1.44E+06 6.80E+00 0.417 15 — — 0.928 1.24E+06 5.37E+00 0.474 16 — — 0.934 2.25E+06 9.05E+00 0.447 17 — 0.1 0.927 1.22E+06 4.89E+00 0.488 18 0.27 14 0.944 1.77E+11 2.47E+01 0.037 19 1.49 64 0.944 2.85E+05 1.90E−01 0.117 20 0.13 11 0.945 1.16E+12 4.85E+04 0.043 21 0.07 7.9 0.939 1.30E+09 2.31E+03 0.077 22 0.58 20 0.945 1.71E+09 1.13E−01 0.043 23 0.07 12 0.946 8.31E+05 1.11E+01 0.253 24 — 5.6 0.940 3.08E+06 3.95E+01 0.221 25 0.17 12 0.954 7.59E+11 3.01E+02 0.037 26 0.22 13 0.950 2.10E+10 9.51E−01 0.039 27 0.30 13 0.953 4.75E+07 4.49E−02 0.059 28 0.29 12 0.951 9.20E+07 8.72E−01 0.064 29 0.19 9.8 0.950 2.82E+08 1.53E+00 0.059 30 — 1.0 0.944 7.71E+08 5.52E+03 0.118 31 0.66 55 0.960 2.30E+04 2.93E−01 0.417 32 2.20 124 0.963 4.51E+03 4.75E−02 0.518 35 0.21 29 0.939 — — — 36 0.12 36 0.940 — — — 37 0.06 20 0.951 2.88E+12 8.38E+04 0.041 38 0.30 37 0.948 — — — 39 0.16 37 0.942 — — — 40 0.10 10 0.942 2.38E+11 6.24E+01 0.038 41 0.14 35 0.951 3.35E+07 4.60E+01 0.090 42 3.13 135 — — — — 43 0.12 11 0.941 1.85E+10 2.30E+01 0.045 44 0.03 7.1 0.947 5.16E+19 3.93E+08 0.021 45 — 6.1 0.943 6.58E+16 5.81E+08 0.030 46 — 6.5 0.945 1.03E+16 2.95E+07 0.030 47 — 4.7 0.947 1.48E+11 1.85E+03 0.047 48 — 2.7 — — — — 49 — 3.0 0.943 3.17E+14 3.59E+07 0.039 50 — 22 0.950 1.21E+11 1.41E+00 0.035 51 5.28 212 — — — — 52 1.07 108 — — — — 53 0.62 79 — — — — 54 0.47 46 — — — — 56 3.40 143 — — — — 57 — 3.2 — 4.26E+14 1.96E+09 0.046 58 0.15 19 — — — — 59 0.01 3.6 — 9.30E+15 4.95E+09 0.037 60 0.20 30 0.945 2.80E+08 2.83E+02 0.075 61 0.20 30 0.933 3.95E+09 2.52E+03 0.061 62 0.11 26 — 1.50E+10 1.71E+04 0.059 63 0.38 114 — — — — 64 2.66 138 — — — — 65 0.07 19 0.952 3.00E+09 1.82E+04 0.078 66 7.74 396 — — — —

TABLE IV Examples 67-75 and Comparative Example 76 - Polymer Properties. MI HLMI Density η₀ τ_(η) Example (g/10 mm) (g/10 mm) (g/cc) (Pa-sec) (sec) CY-a 67 — — 0.937 2.64E+07 1.59E+02 0.560 68 0.86 25 0.953 1.62E+04 5.46E−02 0.321 69 5.8 127 0.961 2.14E+03 7.68E−03 0.356 70 12.4 273 0.961 8.14E+02 2.79E−03 0.393 71 — — 0.931 3.36E+17 3.61E+14 0.105 72 0.14 12 0.939 6.11E+05 3.00E+00 0.193 73 — 2.6 0.940 4.02E+06 2.28E+01 0.186 74 0.11 8.6 0.943 1.59E+06 6.97E+00 0.170 75 0.40 24 0.940 1.20E+05 4.17E−01 0.195 76 0.2 20 0.955 6.07E+05 1.67E+00 0.157

TABLE V Average LCB and SCB content in certain molecular weight ranges. Example Example Example 41 60 61 Average SCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms (a) 400,000-600,000 g/mol range 2.4 4.8 13.3 (b) 40,000-60,000 g/mol range 1.0 1.9 6.0 Percentage (a)/(b) 240% 253% 222% Average LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms (a) 400,000-600,000 g/mol range 0.0528 0.0410 0.0365 (b) 4,000,000-6,000,000 g/mol range 2.9E−7 0.0052 0.0049 Percentage (a)/(b) Too high 788% 745%

The invention is described above with reference to numerous aspects and specific examples. Many variations will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art in light of the above detailed description. All such obvious variations are within the full intended scope of the appended claims. Other aspects of the invention can include, but are not limited to, the following (aspects are described as “comprising” but, alternatively, can “consist essentially of” or “consist of”):

Aspect 1. An ethylene polymer having:

a melt index of less than or equal to about 1 g/10 min;

a density in a range from about 0.93 to about 0.965 g/cm³;

a CY-a parameter at 190° C. of less than or equal to about 0.2;

an average number of short chain branches (SCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater (by any amount disclosed herein, e.g., at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100%, at least 125%, etc.) than that in a molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol; and

an average number of long chain branches (LCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater (by any amount disclosed herein, e.g., at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 100%, at least 200%, at least 400%, etc.) than that in a molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol.

Aspect 2. The polymer defined in aspect 1, wherein the ethylene polymer has a melt index (MI) in any range disclosed herein, e.g., less than or equal to about 0.7 g/10 min, less than or equal to about 0.5 g/10 min, less than or equal to about 0.35 g/10 min, less than or equal to about 0.25 g/10 min, etc.

Aspect 3. The polymer defined in aspect 1 or 2, wherein the ethylene polymer has a high load melt index (HLMI) in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 2 to about 50 g/10 min, from about 3 to about 40 g/10 min, from about 10 to about 45 g/10 min, from about 12 to about 35 g/10 min, etc.

Aspect 4. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer has a ratio of HLMI/MI in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 80 to about 400, from about 90 to about 300, from about 100 to about 250, etc.

Aspect 5. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer has a density in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 0.93 to about 0.962 g/cm³, from about 0.93 to about 0.958 g/cm³, from about 0.935 to about 0.965 g/cm³, from about 0.94 to about 0.958 g/cm³, from about 0.95 to about 0.96 g/cm³, etc.

Aspect 6. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer has a CY-a parameter in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 0.02 to about 0.2, from about 0.02 to about 0.18, from about 0.02 to about 0.10, from about 0.03 to about 0.15, from about 0.04 to about 0.12, etc.

Aspect 7. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer has a number of short chain branches (SCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer at M_(z) that is greater than at Mw, and/or a number of short chain branches (SCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer at Mw that is greater than at M_(n), and/or a number of short chain branches (SCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer at M_(z) that is greater than at M_(n) (a reverse short chain branching distribution or increasing comonomer distribution).

Aspect 8. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer has an average number of long chain branches (LCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 0.015 to about 0.085, from about 0.02 to about 0.07, from about 0.03 to about 0.06, etc.

Aspect 9. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer contains from about 0.01 to about 0.08 LCB's, from about 0.01 to about 0.06 LCB's, from about 0.02 to about 0.06 LCB's, from about 0.02 to about 0.05 LCB's, etc., per 1000 total carbon atoms.

Aspect 10. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer has a ratio of Mw/M_(n) in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 3.5 to about 18, from about 4 to about 16, from about 5 to about 15, from about 6 to about 16, etc.

Aspect 11. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer has a ratio of M_(z)/Mw in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 3.5 to about 10, from about 4 to about 9, from about 5 to about 9, from about 5 to about 8, etc.

Aspect 12. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer has a M_(z) in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 500,000 to about 2,500,000 g/mol, from about 600,000 to about 2,000,000 g/mol, from about 750,000 to about 2,000,000 g/mol, from about 750,000 to about 1,750,000 g/mol, from about 750,000 to about 1,500,000 g/mol, etc.

Aspect 13. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer has a Mw in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 100,000 to about 400,000 g/mol, from about 100,000 to about 300,000 g/mol, from about 100,000 to about 200,000 g/mol, from about 150,000 to about 400,000 g/mol, etc.

Aspect 14. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer has a M_(n) in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 10,000 to about 100,000 g/mol, from about 10,000 to about 50,000 g/mol, from about 10,000 to about 40,000 g/mol, from about 10,000 to about 30,000 g/mol, etc.

Aspect 15. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer has a zero-shear viscosity in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 1×10⁵ to about 1×10¹⁷ Pa-sec, from about 1×10⁶ to about 1×10¹⁶ Pa-sec, from about 1×10⁷ to about 1×10¹³ Pa-sec, etc.

Aspect 16. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer is a single reactor product, e.g., not a post-reactor blend of two polymers, for instance, having different molecular weight characteristics.

Aspect 17. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer comprises an ethylene/α-olefin copolymer and/or an ethylene homopolymer.

Aspect 18. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer comprises an ethylene/1-butene copolymer, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, an ethylene homopolymer, or any combination thereof.

Aspect 19. The polymer defined in any one of the preceding aspects, wherein the ethylene polymer comprises an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer.

Aspect 20. An article comprising the ethylene polymer defined in any one of aspects 1-19.

Aspect 21. An article comprising the ethylene polymer defined in any one of aspects 1-19, wherein the article is an agricultural film, an automobile part, a bottle, a container for chemicals, a drum, a fiber or fabric, a food packaging film or container, a food service article, a fuel tank, a geomembrane, a household container, a liner, a molded product, a medical device or material, an outdoor storage product, outdoor play equipment, a pipe, a sheet or tape, a toy, or a traffic barrier.

Aspect 22. A catalyst composition comprising:

catalyst component I comprising any single atom bridged or two carbon atom bridged metallocene compound disclosed herein with two indenyl groups or an indenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group;

catalyst component II comprising any single atom bridged metallocene compound disclosed herein with a fluorenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group with an alkenyl substituent;

any activator disclosed herein; and

optionally, any co-catalyst disclosed herein.

Aspect 23. The composition defined in aspect 22, wherein the activator comprises an activator-support, an aluminoxane compound, an organoboron or organoborate compound, an ionizing ionic compound, or any combination thereof.

Aspect 24. The composition defined in aspect 22, wherein the activator comprises an aluminoxane compound.

Aspect 25. The composition defined in aspect 22, wherein the activator comprises an organoboron or organoborate compound.

Aspect 26. The composition defined in aspect 22, wherein the activator comprises an ionizing ionic compound.

Aspect 27. The composition defined in aspect 22, wherein the activator comprises an activator-support, the activator-support comprising any solid oxide treated with any electron-withdrawing anion disclosed herein.

Aspect 28. The composition defined in aspect 22, wherein the activator comprises fluorided alumina, chlorided alumina, bromided alumina, sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, chlorided silica-alumina, bromided silica-alumina, sulfated silica-alumina, fluorided silica-zirconia, chlorided silica-zirconia, bromided silica-zirconia, sulfated silica-zirconia, fluorided silica-titania, fluorided silica-coated alumina, fluorided-chlorided silica-coated alumina, sulfated silica-coated alumina, phosphated silica-coated alumina, or any combination thereof.

Aspect 29. The composition defined in aspect 22, wherein the activator comprises fluorided alumina, sulfated alumina, fluorided silica-alumina, sulfated silica-alumina, fluorided silica-coated alumina, fluorided-chlorided silica-coated alumina, sulfated silica-coated alumina, or any combination thereof.

Aspect 30. The composition defined in aspect 22, wherein the activator comprises a fluorided solid oxide and/or a sulfated solid oxide.

Aspect 31. The composition defined in any one of aspects 27-30, wherein the activator further comprises any metal or metal ion disclosed herein, e.g., zinc, nickel, vanadium, titanium, silver, copper, gallium, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, zirconium, or any combination thereof.

Aspect 32. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-31, wherein the catalyst composition comprises a co-catalyst, e.g., any suitable co-catalyst.

Aspect 33. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-32, wherein the co-catalyst comprises any organoaluminum compound disclosed herein.

Aspect 34. The composition defined in aspect 33, wherein the organoaluminum compound comprises trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, or a combination thereof.

Aspect 35. The composition defined in any one of aspects 27-34, wherein the catalyst composition comprises catalyst component I, catalyst component II, a solid oxide treated with an electron-withdrawing anion, and an organoaluminum compound.

Aspect 36. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-35, wherein catalyst component I has two unsubstituted indenyl groups.

Aspect 37. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-36, wherein catalyst component I has a single carbon or silicon bridging atom.

Aspect 38. The composition defined in aspect 37, wherein the carbon or silicon bridging atom has two substituents independently selected from H or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group, e.g., a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group.

Aspect 39. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-36, wherein catalyst component I has a two carbon atom bridge.

Aspect 40. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-35, wherein catalyst component I has an indenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group.

Aspect 41. The composition defined in aspect 40, wherein catalyst component I has a single carbon or silicon bridging atom.

Aspect 42. The composition defined in aspect 41, wherein the carbon or silicon bridging atom has two substituents independently selected from H or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group, e.g., a C₁ to C₆ alkyl group.

Aspect 43. The composition defined in any one of aspects 40-42, wherein at least one of the indenyl group and the cyclopentadienyl group is substituted.

Aspect 44. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-43, wherein catalyst component I contains zirconium or titanium.

Aspect 45. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-44, wherein catalyst component II has a single carbon or silicon bridging atom.

Aspect 46. The composition defined in aspect 45, wherein the carbon or silicon bridging atom has two substituents independently selected from H or a C₁ to C₁₈ hydrocarbyl group, e.g., a phenyl group.

Aspect 47. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-46, wherein the fluorenyl group is substituted.

Aspect 48. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-47, wherein the alkenyl substituent is a C₃ to C₁₈ alkenyl group, e.g., a C₃ to C₈ terminal alkenyl group.

Aspect 49. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-48, wherein catalyst component II contains zirconium, hafnium, or titanium.

Aspect 50. The composition defined in any one of aspects 27-49, wherein the catalyst composition is substantially free of aluminoxane compounds, organoboron or organoborate compounds, ionizing ionic compounds, or combinations thereof.

Aspect 51. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-50, wherein a weight ratio of catalyst component I to catalyst component II in the catalyst composition is in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 10:1 to about 1:10, from about 10:1 to about 1:1, from about 5:1 to about 1:5, from about 5:1 to about 2:1, from about 2:1 to about 1:2, etc.

Aspect 52. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-51, wherein the catalyst composition is produced by a process comprising contacting, in any order, catalyst component I, catalyst component II, and the activator.

Aspect 53. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-51, wherein the catalyst composition is produced by a process comprising contacting, in any order, catalyst component I, catalyst component II, the activator, and the co-catalyst.

Aspect 54. The composition defined in any one of aspects 22-53, wherein a catalyst activity of the catalyst composition is in any range disclosed herein, e.g., from about 500 to about 5000, from about 750 to about 4000, from about 1000 to about 3500 grams, etc., of ethylene polymer per gram of activator-support per hour, under slurry polymerization conditions, with a triisobutylaluminum co-catalyst, using isobutane as a diluent, and with a polymerization temperature of 90° C. and a reactor pressure of 400 psig.

Aspect 55. An olefin polymerization process, the process comprising contacting the catalyst composition defined in any one of aspects 22-54 with an olefin monomer and an optional olefin comonomer in a polymerization reactor system under polymerization conditions to produce an olefin polymer.

Aspect 56. The process defined in aspect 55, wherein the olefin monomer comprises any olefin monomer disclosed herein, e.g., any C₂-C₂₀ olefin.

Aspect 57. The process defined in aspect 55 or 56, wherein the olefin monomer and the olefin comonomer independently comprise a C₂-C₂₀ alpha-olefin.

Aspect 58. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-57, wherein the olefin monomer comprises ethylene.

Aspect 59. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-58, wherein the catalyst composition is contacted with ethylene and an olefin comonomer comprising a C₃-C₁₀ alpha-olefin.

Aspect 60. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-59, wherein the catalyst composition is contacted with ethylene and an olefin comonomer comprising 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, or a mixture thereof.

Aspect 61. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-57, wherein the olefin monomer comprises propylene.

Aspect 62. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-61, wherein the polymerization reactor system comprises a batch reactor, a slurry reactor, a gas-phase reactor, a solution reactor, a high pressure reactor, a tubular reactor, an autoclave reactor, or a combination thereof.

Aspect 63. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-62, wherein the polymerization reactor system comprises a slurry reactor, a gas-phase reactor, a solution reactor, or a combination thereof.

Aspect 64. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-63, wherein the polymerization reactor system comprises a loop slurry reactor.

Aspect 65. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-64, wherein the polymerization reactor system comprises a single reactor.

Aspect 66. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-64, wherein the polymerization reactor system comprises 2 reactors.

Aspect 67. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-64, wherein the polymerization reactor system comprises more than 2 reactors.

Aspect 68. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-67, wherein the olefin polymer comprises any olefin polymer disclosed herein.

Aspect 69. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-60 and 62-68, wherein the olefin polymer comprises an ethylene homopolymer, an ethylene/1-butene copolymer, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, and/or an ethylene/1-octene copolymer.

Aspect 70. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-60 and 62-68, wherein the olefin polymer comprises an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer.

Aspect 71. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-57 and 61-68, wherein the olefin polymer comprises a polypropylene homopolymer or a propylene-based copolymer.

Aspect 72. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-71, wherein the polymerization conditions comprise a polymerization reaction temperature in a range from about 60° C. to about 120° C. and a reaction pressure in a range from about 200 to about 1000 psig (about 1.4 to about 6.9 MPa).

Aspect 73. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-72, wherein the polymerization conditions are substantially constant, e.g., for a particular polymer grade.

Aspect 74. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-73, wherein no hydrogen is added to the polymerization reactor system.

Aspect 75. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-73, wherein hydrogen is added to the polymerization reactor system.

Aspect 76. The process defined in any one of aspects 55-75, wherein the olefin polymer produced is defined in any one of aspects 1-19.

Aspect 77. An olefin polymer produced by the olefin polymerization process defined in any one of aspects 55-75.

Aspect 78. An ethylene polymer defined in any one of aspects 1-19 produced by the process defined in any one of aspects 55-75.

Aspect 79. An article comprising the polymer defined in any one of aspects 77-78.

Aspect 80. A method or forming or preparing an article of manufacture comprising an olefin polymer, the method comprising (i) performing the olefin polymerization process defined in any one of aspects 55-75 to produce an olefin polymer (e.g., the ethylene polymer of any one of aspects 1-19), and (ii) forming the article of manufacture comprising the olefin polymer, e.g., via any technique disclosed herein. 

1. An ethylene polymer having: a melt index of less than or equal to about 1 g/10 min; a density in a range from about 0.93 to about 0.965 g/cm³; a CY-a parameter at 190° C. of less than or equal to about 0.2; an average number of short chain branches (SCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater than that in a molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol; and an average number of long chain branches (LCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater than that in a molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol.
 2. An article of manufacture comprising the polymer of claim
 1. 3. The polymer of claim 1, wherein: the average number of SCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol is at least 50% greater than that in the molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol; and the average number of LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol is at least 100% greater than that in the molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol.
 4. The polymer of claim 1, wherein: the melt index is less than or equal to about 0.5 g/10 min; the density is in a range from about 0.93 to about 0.958 g/cm³; and the CY-a parameter at 190° C. is in a range from about 0.03 to about 0.15.
 5. The polymer of claim 4, wherein the ethylene polymer comprises an ethylene/1-butene copolymer, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, or a combination thereof.
 6. The polymer of claim 5, wherein the ethylene polymer has a HLMI in a range from about 10 to about 45 g/10 min.
 7. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the ethylene polymer has: a ratio of M_(w)/M_(n) in a range from about 3.5 to about 18; and a ratio of M_(z)/M_(w) in a range from about 3.5 to about
 10. 8. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the ethylene polymer has: a M_(n) in a range from about 10,000 to about 100,000 g/mol; a M_(w) in a range from about 100,000 to about 400,000 g/mol; and a M_(z) in a range from about 500,000 to about 2,500,000 g/mol.
 9. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the ethylene polymer contains from about 0.01 to about 0.06 LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms.
 10. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the ethylene polymer has an average number of LCB's in a range from about 0.015 to about 0.085 LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol.
 11. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the ethylene polymer has a zero-shear viscosity in a range from about 1×10⁶ to about 1×10¹⁶ Pa-sec at 190° C.
 12. The polymer of claim 1, wherein the ethylene polymer comprises an ethylene/1-butene copolymer, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, or a combination thereof.
 13. The polymer of claim 12, wherein the ethylene polymer has: a ratio of M_(w)/M_(n) in a range from about 6 to about 16; and a ratio of M_(z)/M_(w) in a range from about 5 to about
 8. 14. The polymer of claim 12, wherein the ethylene polymer has: a M_(n) in a range from about 10,000 to about 40,000 g/mol; a M_(w) in a range from about 100,000 to about 300,000 g/mol; a M_(z) in a range from about 750,000 to about 1,500,000 g/mol; and an average number of LCB's in a range from about 0.02 to about 0.07 LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol.
 15. An article of manufacture comprising the polymer of claim
 14. 16. The polymer of claim 12, wherein: the average number of SCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol is at least 75% greater than that in the molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol; and the average number of LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in the molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol is at least 200% greater than that in the molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol.
 17. An olefin polymerization process, the process comprising contacting a catalyst composition with an olefin monomer and an olefin comonomer in a polymerization reactor system under polymerization conditions to produce an olefin polymer, wherein: the catalyst composition comprises: catalyst component I comprising a single atom bridged or two carbon atom bridged metallocene compound with two indenyl groups or an indenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group; catalyst component II comprising a single atom bridged metallocene compound with a fluorenyl group and a cyclopentadienyl group with an alkenyl substituent; an activator; and optionally, a co-catalyst; and the olefin polymer is characterized by: a melt index of less than or equal to about 1 g/10 min; a density in a range from about 0.93 to about 0.965 g/cm³; a CY-a parameter at 190° C. of less than or equal to about 0.2; an average number of short chain branches (SCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater than that in a molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol; and an average number of long chain branches (LCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater than that in a molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol. 18-20. (canceled)
 21. An ethylene polymer having: a melt index of less than or equal to about 1 g/10 min; a density in a range from about 0.93 to about 0.965 g/cm³; a M_(w) in a range from about 100,000 to about 400,000 g/mol; a CY-a parameter at 190° C. of less than or equal to about 0.2; from about 0.01 to about 0.06 LCB's per 1000 total carbon atoms; an average number of short chain branches (SCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater than that in a molecular weight range of 40,000 to 60,000 g/mol; and an average number of long chain branches (LCB's) per 1000 total carbon atoms of the polymer in a molecular weight range of 400,000 to 600,000 g/mol that is greater than that in a molecular weight range of 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 g/mol.
 22. The polymer of claim 21, wherein the ethylene polymer comprises an ethylene/1-butene copolymer, an ethylene/1-hexene copolymer, an ethylene/1-octene copolymer, or a combination thereof.
 23. The polymer of claim 22, wherein the ethylene polymer has a HLMI in a range from about 3 to about 40 g/10 min. 